Chapter 4 Feeds and Feeding

What are some cons of chemical analysis of a feedstuff?

-Don't give a clear picture of how that feed Is utilized by the animal -Hard to predict utilization -May need to complete other analyses (digestion and/or performance trials)

Be able to describe at least two "other factors" that affect feed quality.

-environmental impacts- humidity, rain -alteration in enzymes in plants depending on -drying/curing affecting nutrients in the hay -cereal grains can be damaged by birds/ insects -stored grains contaminated by rodents, water damage ect

What are the 4 things mold needs to grow

-moisture, -acceptable temp( not cold) -acceptable substrate ( something to grow on ) , -adequate oxygen levels ( get oxygen out of silage so this bad bacteria doesn't grow

What is the list of feed terms that the AAFCO has approved for use on feed labels and feed tags? Know at least 3 examples from each category.

1. Animal protein products 2. Forage products 3. Grain products 4. Plant protein products 5. Processed grain by-products 6. Roughage products 7. Molasses products

Know the 8 major IFN categories of feedstuffs.

1.Category roughages 2.Pasture, range plants, and plants fed green 3.Silages andhaylages 4.Energy feeds 5.Protein supplements 6.Mineral supplements 7.Vitamin supplements 8.Nonnutritive additives

Know the 6 items that the AAFCO suggests to determine whether to feed a spoiled feed.

1.Type of spoilage (yeast, mold, blight) 2.Extent of spoilage ( <10% = chancy, 10-50% = risky, >50% = throw outfeed) 3.Age and species of livestock (a.Young, growing animals most affected b.Pregnant animals may not be affected but fetus will) 4.Animal willingness to accept 5.Estimated value of feedstuff compared to potential detrimental effects of mold 6.Past experiences; sample analysis

What can you discern from the physical appearance of a feedstuff?

1.feeding value, 2. grain quality, 3. mold, 4. processing quality

What is the difference between apparent and true digestibility?

Apparent digestibility just measures the feed intake and excretion to determine what was digested but this does not account for losses through urine, metabolism ect and true digestibility does account for those things.

What information does chemical analysis of a feed provide you with?

Attempts to group the components associated with a feed into different categories : water, carbohydrates, protein, lipid, minerals, and vitamins Most commonly used method is proximate analysis

What do digestion and balance trials tell you about the nutritional value of a feedstuff?

Digestibility of feedstuffs, by measuring intake and fecal excretion. more accurate than chemical analysis but only gives apparent digestibility not true digestibility. Digestion trials Overestimates value of feed because doesn't account for lost nutrients in urine, gasses,metabolism etc Balance trials account for these losses, make them more accurate

what defines a feed as an energy or a protein supplement.

Energy: Less than 18% crude fiber, greater than 70% TDN, less than 20% crude protein Protien: Greater than 20% crude protein

What is the goal of estimating the nutritional value of a feed?

Goal: determine how well various feedstuffs will be used for different production aspects as well as determine any antiquality factors that may be present in that feed

How does mycotoxin exposure affect productivity

affect feed intake, decrease feed efficiency- needs to use some of the energy they have to deal with toxins

Understand the nutrient content of major feedstuffs. (study table 4.1)

grain mill feed- any product that has been milled- byproduct of human food or other things, ground barley like at south farm fermentation product- distilllers grains, brewers grains- fed in the Midwest often

How do different cultural practices affect the nutritional value of a feedstuff? Be able to provide 2 different examples and explain them.

if you know your neighbor fertilizes you can know more what is in the hay, vs somone on KSL. Also knowing the soil quality, and minirals and vitimans present on locally grown crops As plant matres, higher yield but less nutrients were insecticoieds used, weeds, how and when it was stored location- certified weed free hay

Are cattle or pigs more affected by myoctoxins? Why?

less affected because they have a rumen, everything will get modified in the rumen before it goes other place. Depending on how stomach affects mold on monogastrics, small intestine may absorb quite a bit

What do some molds produce that makes them toxic to animals?

toxins/ mycotoxin

Explain how variation between different batches/storage techniques of a feedstuff can affect your ration. How can you help fix some of this variability?

variety of seed, how often its cut, age ect. understand what you have and adjust accordingly

What does a feeding trial tell you about the nutritional value of a feedstuff?

when we feed an animal a certain way, how that animal is going to perform

Can some feeds fit into more than one IFN category? Know 3 examples.

yes. wheat distillers is a protien and high energy, soybean meal is a protien and high energy, Alfalfa is a dry roughage can be a protien supplement