Chapter 4 Set Research Methods

Belmont Report

(1976)This report outlines three main principles for guiding ethical decision making: respect for persons, beneficence, and justice.

Define Institutional Review Board (IRB)

A committee responsible for interpreting ethical principles and ensuring that research using human participants is conducted ethically. This includes at least 5 people who come from specified backgrounds. At least one member must be a scientist, one has to have academic interests outside the sciences, and one should be a community member who has no ties to the institution.

Define principle of respect for persons

An ethical principle from the Belmont Report stating that research participants should be treated as autonomous agents and that certain groups deserve special protection.

Define principle of beneficence

An ethical principle from the Belmont Report stating that researchers must take precautions to protect participants from harm and to promote their well-being.

Define principle of justice

An ethical principle from the Belmont Report calling for a fair balance between the kinds of people who participate in research and the kinds of people who benefit from it.

Define the ethical principle fidelity and responsibility

Establish relationships of trust; accept responsibility for professional behavior (in research, teaching, and clinical practice) (ethical principle)

By debriefing each participant in a structured conversation.

Following a study using deception, how does the researcher attempt to restore an honest relationship with the participant?

Beneficence

In a study of a new drug for asthma, a researcher finds that the group receiving the drug is doing much better than the control group, whose members are receiving a placebo. Which principle of the Belmont Report requires the researcher to also give the control group the opportunity to receive the new drug?

Justice

In order to study a sample of participants from only one ethnic group, researchers must first demonstrate that the problem being studied is especially prevalent in that ethnic group. This is an application of which principle from the Belmont Report?

Fidelity and responsibility: a clinical psychologist who teaches in a university may not serve as a therapist to one of his or her classroom students, and psychologists must avoid sexual relationships with their students or clients.

Professor Silva is a clinical psychologist who teaches a course in abnormal psychology at the university. He maintains a clinical practice and several of his current students are his clients. Which of the APA's Five General Principles does this violate? Question 5 options: Integrity Fidelity and Responsibility Justice Respect for People's Rights and Dignity

Institutional Approval because approval is required prior to conducting research.

Professor Hammond studies ethical behavior and designs a study to examine the amount of cheating at her school. At the beginning of class each day, she passes around a chart showing the dates of the class meetings, with boxes for students to initial if present. She photocopies the sheet after each class so that she can find if any students initial for days in the past that they were absent. She waits for interesting results before writing a proposal for the IRB. Which standard of Ethical Standard 8 of the APA does waiting to propose the study violate? Question 10 options: Offering Inducements for Research Participation Institutional Approval Informed Consent for Recording Voices and Images in Research Debriefing

reporting research results

Professor Kwan studies violence and designs a study of the effects of video game violence on children. She recruits low-income, Hispanic children from schools near the university to participate. Each child is assigned to play either a violent or non-violent video game two hours each evening for a month. The children's teachers are asked to assess changes in behavior. Data analysis shows no effect of game type, but Professor Kwan knows that several children didn't follow the procedure so he makes up data for them and then shows a significant effect. Which part of APA Ethical Standard 8 did the data violate? Reporting of Research Results Plagiarism Sharing Research Data for Verification Deception In Research

Respect for people rights and dignity

Professor Kwan studies violence and designs a study of the effects of video game violence on children. She recruits low-income, Hispanic children from schools near the university to participate. Each child is assigned to play either a violent or non-violent video game two hours each evening for a month. The children's teachers are asked to assess changes in behavior. To assure good participation, the participants are offered a chance to win a family trip to a major theme park. Which of the APA's Five General Principles is violated by this incentive? beneficence and nonmaleficence fidelity and responsibility respect for people's rights and dignity justice

Define Plagiarism

Representing the words or ideas of others as one's own.

Define Refinement in terms of animal care guidelines

Researchers must modify experimental procedures and other aspects of animal care to minimize or eliminate animal distress.

Define Reduction in terms of animal care guidelines

Researchers should adopt experimental designs and procedures that require fewest animal subjects possible.

Define replacement in terms of animal care guidelines

Researchers should find alternatives to animals in research when necessary. For example, some studies can use computer simulations instead of animal subjects.

How the German people could have permitted the extermination of Jewish people in WWII

Stanley Milgram's original motivation in conducting his experiment was to understand:

Define the ethical principle of integrity

Strive to be accurate, truthful, and honest in one's role as researcher, teacher, or practitioner. (ethical principle)

Informed Consent

The right of research participants to learn about a research project, know its risks and benefits, and decide whether to participate.

Define deception (in research)

The withholding of some details of a study from participants or the act of actively lying to them

Define Data fabrication

This occurs when instead of recording what really happened in a study (or instead instead of running a study at all), researchers invent data that fit their hypotheses.

Debriefed

To be carefully informed about the study's hypotheses. To inform participants afterward about a study's true nature, details, and hypotheses.

1. respect for persons 2. beneficence 3. justice

What are the 3 main principles of the Belmont Report?

Replacement, Refinement, Reduction

What are the 3 R's of animal care guidelines?

1.) The study itself was extremely stressful to the teacher-participants. 2.) There were lasting effects of the study. Some participants were dramatically affected by learning that they were willing to harm another human being, simply because someone in authority told them to do it.

What are two primary concerns that have been raised against the Milgram obedience studies?

1. The participants were not treated respectfully. They were lied to and information (such as a cure to their disease) was withheld. Informed consent was not given. 2. The participants were harmed. They were not told about a treatment for the disease that, in later years of the study, could be easily cured. 3. The researchers targeted a disadvantaged social group. All of the men in the study were poor and African American.

What three categories of ethics violations are illustrated by the Tuskegee Syphilis study?

deception through commission

When an experimenter actively lies to a participant, this is considered which of the following? deception through commission a clear violation of the APA principles deception through omission a violation of federal guidelines

Define Data Falsification

When researchers influence the study's results, perhaps by selectively deleting observations from a data set or by influencing their research subjects to act in the hypothesized way.

Principle of integrity. Principle of fidelity and responsibility

Which 2 ethical principles of the APA are not included in the Belmont Report?

the stress experienced by the teachers and the lasting effects of the study on the teachers

Which of the following are two ethical issues raised by Milgram's studies of obedience? Question 7 options: the pain of the electrical shocks experienced by the learners and the stress experienced by the teachers the stress experienced by the teachers and the lasting effects of the study on the teachers the distress felt by the experimenter who had to order the teacher to shock the learner and the pain of the electric shocks experienced by the learners targeting of a disadvantaged group and the disrespectful treatment of participants

Justice

Which principle from the Belmont Report and the APA's Ethical Principles do animal rights activists draw upon to argue against the use of animals in experiments? respect for persons beneficence integrity justice

1. Beneficence and nonmaleficence 2. fidelity and responsibility 3. integrity 4.justice 5. respect for people's rights and dignity

the 5 APA general principles (of ethics) that all must follow: