Chapter 4 Social Perception and Managing Diversity
Managerial Applications to Attributions
Attributions affect performance evaluations. Attributions may lead to inappropriate managerial actions (discipline, changes in assignment). Managers can be trained to avoid attributional biases. Employees' attributions can affect self-esteem and future performance.
What are five categories under Workforce Diversity?
Categories: 1) gender 2) race 3) education 4) sexual orientation 5) age
What are the most common barriers to implement a successful diversity programs?
Categories: 1) inaccurate stereotypes and prejudice 2) Ethnocentrism 3) Poor career planning 4) A negative diversity climate 5) An unsupported and hostile working environment for diverse employees 6) lack of political savvy on the part of diverse employees 7) Difficulty in balancing career and family issues 8) Fears of reverse discrimination 9) Diversity is not seen as an organizational priority 10) The need to revamp the organization's performance appraisal and reward system 11) resistance to chane
What are 2 types of biases?
Fundamental attribution bias: one's tendency to attribute another person's behavior to his or her personal characteristics, as opposed to situational factors. We ignore important environmental forces that are affecting behavior. Inaccurate assessments of performance and then inappropriate responses to poor performance. Self-serving bias: one's tendency to take more personal responsibility for success than failure. Employees may attribute their success to internal factors and their failures to uncontrollable external factors.
What terms are under KELLEY'S MODEL OF ATTRIBUTION?
INTERNAL FACTORS, and EXTERNAL FACTORS are part of what model?
What are the MANAGERIAL RECOMMENDATIONS to deal with stereotype?
Reduce how much stereotypes are used to make decisions in the organization by: › Educating employees about stereotypes and how they influence decision making › Create opportunities for diverse employees to work together in groups of equal status
What is Causal Attribution?
TERM: Suspected or inferred causes of behavior
What is a STEREOTYPE?
TERM: an individual's set of beliefs about the characteristics or attributes of a group.
What are EXTERNAL FACTORS?
TERM: environmental characteristics that cause behavior (e.g., difficult task).
What are INTERNAL FACTORS?
TERM: personal characteristics that cause behavior (e.g., ability).
Cognitive categories
Term: By category we mean a number of objects that are considered equivalent.
access-and-legitimacy perspective
Term: a perspective on diversity based in recognition that the organization's markets and constituencies are culturally diverse
Diversity climate
Term: a sub-component of an organization's overall climate and is defined as the employees' aggregate "perceptions about the organization's diversity-related formal structure characteristics and informal values"
demographics
Term: are the statistical measurements of populations and their qualities (such as age, race, gender, or income) over time.
Attention
Term: process of becoming consciously aware of something or someone
Schema
Term: represents a person's mental picture or summary of a particular event or type of stimulus.
Glass Ceiling
Term: used to represent an invisible but absolute barrier or solid roadblock that prevents women from advancing to higher-level positions
What is PERCEPTION?
What Term: A cognitive process that enables us to interpret and understand our surroundings
Under Kelley's Model of Attribution we make attributes by gathering what 3 types of behavioral information
What model? › Consensus - comparing someone's behavior with their peers › Distinctiveness - comparing someone's behavior to their own performance on other tasks › Consistency - judging how consistent someone's behavior has been over time on the same task
What is the STEREOTYPE PROCESS?
What process encompasses these? » Categorization: we categorizing people into groups according to various criteria. » Inferences: we infer that all people within a particular category possess the same traits or characteristics. » Expectations: we form expectations of others and interpret their behavior according to our stereotypes. » Maintenance: we maintain stereotypes by: › Overestimating the frequency of stereotypic behavior exhibited by others.
In social perception what is the SECOND STAGE?
What stage of social information processing model is ENCODING AND SIMPLIFICATION?
In social perception what is the FIRST STAGE?
What stage of social information processing model is SELECTIVE ATTENTION/COMPREHENSION?
In social perception what is the THIRD STAGE?
What stage of social information processing model is STORAGE AND RETENTION?
In social perception what is the FOURTH STAGE?
What stage of social information processing modes is RETRIEVAL AND RESPONSE?
Implicit Cognition
any thoughts or beliefs that are automatically activated from memory without our conscious awareness. Performance evaluation Disciplinary actions
Distinctiveness
compares a person's behavior on one task with his or her behavior or other task
Consensus
compares an individual's behavior with that of his or her peers
fundamental attribution bia
reflects one's tendency to attribute another person's behavior to his or her personal characteristics, as opposed to situational factors
psychological safety
reflects the extent to which people feel safe to express their ideas and beliefs without fear of negative consequences
diversity climate
term: a subcomponent of an organization's overall climate and is defined as the employees' aggregate "perceptions about the organization's diversity-related formal structure characteristics and informal values"
affirmative action
term: an artificial intervention aimed at giving management a chance to correct an imbalance, injustice, mistake, or outright discrimination that occured in the past
surface-level characteristiccs
term: characteristics that are quickly apparent to interactans, such as race, gender, and age
deep-level characteristics
term: characteristics that take time to emerge in interactions, such as attitudes, opinions and values
managing diversity
term: enables ppl to perform up to their maximum potential
discrimination
term: occurs when employment decisions about an individual are due to reasons not associated with performance or are not related to the job
self-serving bias
term: one's tendency to take more personal responsibility for success than for failure
glass ceiling
term: represents an invisible but absolute barrier or solid roadblock that prevents women from advancing to higher-level positions
diversity
term: represents the multitude of individual differences and similarities that exist among people,
on-ramping
the process companies use to encourage people to reenter the workforce after a temporary career break