Chapter 4 Social Perception and Managing Diversity

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Managerial Applications to Attributions

Attributions affect performance evaluations. Attributions may lead to inappropriate managerial actions (discipline, changes in assignment). Managers can be trained to avoid attributional biases. Employees' attributions can affect self-esteem and future performance.

What are five categories under Workforce Diversity?

Categories: 1) gender 2) race 3) education 4) sexual orientation 5) age

What are the most common barriers to implement a successful diversity programs?

Categories: 1) inaccurate stereotypes and prejudice 2) Ethnocentrism 3) Poor career planning 4) A negative diversity climate 5) An unsupported and hostile working environment for diverse employees 6) lack of political savvy on the part of diverse employees 7) Difficulty in balancing career and family issues 8) Fears of reverse discrimination 9) Diversity is not seen as an organizational priority 10) The need to revamp the organization's performance appraisal and reward system 11) resistance to chane

What are 2 types of biases?

Fundamental attribution bias: one's tendency to attribute another person's behavior to his or her personal characteristics, as opposed to situational factors. We ignore important environmental forces that are affecting behavior. Inaccurate assessments of performance and then inappropriate responses to poor performance. Self-serving bias: one's tendency to take more personal responsibility for success than failure. Employees may attribute their success to internal factors and their failures to uncontrollable external factors.

What terms are under KELLEY'S MODEL OF ATTRIBUTION?

INTERNAL FACTORS, and EXTERNAL FACTORS are part of what model?

What are the MANAGERIAL RECOMMENDATIONS to deal with stereotype?

Reduce how much stereotypes are used to make decisions in the organization by: › Educating employees about stereotypes and how they influence decision making › Create opportunities for diverse employees to work together in groups of equal status

What is Causal Attribution?

TERM: Suspected or inferred causes of behavior

What is a STEREOTYPE?

TERM: an individual's set of beliefs about the characteristics or attributes of a group.

What are EXTERNAL FACTORS?

TERM: environmental characteristics that cause behavior (e.g., difficult task).

What are INTERNAL FACTORS?

TERM: personal characteristics that cause behavior (e.g., ability).

Cognitive categories

Term: By category we mean a number of objects that are considered equivalent.

access-and-legitimacy perspective

Term: a perspective on diversity based in recognition that the organization's markets and constituencies are culturally diverse

Diversity climate

Term: a sub-component of an organization's overall climate and is defined as the employees' aggregate "perceptions about the organization's diversity-related formal structure characteristics and informal values"

demographics

Term: are the statistical measurements of populations and their qualities (such as age, race, gender, or income) over time.

Attention

Term: process of becoming consciously aware of something or someone

Schema

Term: represents a person's mental picture or summary of a particular event or type of stimulus.

Glass Ceiling

Term: used to represent an invisible but absolute barrier or solid roadblock that prevents women from advancing to higher-level positions

What is PERCEPTION?

What Term: A cognitive process that enables us to interpret and understand our surroundings

Under Kelley's Model of Attribution we make attributes by gathering what 3 types of behavioral information

What model? › Consensus - comparing someone's behavior with their peers › Distinctiveness - comparing someone's behavior to their own performance on other tasks › Consistency - judging how consistent someone's behavior has been over time on the same task

What is the STEREOTYPE PROCESS?

What process encompasses these? » Categorization: we categorizing people into groups according to various criteria. » Inferences: we infer that all people within a particular category possess the same traits or characteristics. » Expectations: we form expectations of others and interpret their behavior according to our stereotypes. » Maintenance: we maintain stereotypes by: › Overestimating the frequency of stereotypic behavior exhibited by others.

In social perception what is the SECOND STAGE?

What stage of social information processing model is ENCODING AND SIMPLIFICATION?

In social perception what is the FIRST STAGE?

What stage of social information processing model is SELECTIVE ATTENTION/COMPREHENSION?

In social perception what is the THIRD STAGE?

What stage of social information processing model is STORAGE AND RETENTION?

In social perception what is the FOURTH STAGE?

What stage of social information processing modes is RETRIEVAL AND RESPONSE?

Implicit Cognition

any thoughts or beliefs that are automatically activated from memory without our conscious awareness. Performance evaluation Disciplinary actions

Distinctiveness

compares a person's behavior on one task with his or her behavior or other task

Consensus

compares an individual's behavior with that of his or her peers

fundamental attribution bia

reflects one's tendency to attribute another person's behavior to his or her personal characteristics, as opposed to situational factors

psychological safety

reflects the extent to which people feel safe to express their ideas and beliefs without fear of negative consequences

diversity climate

term: a subcomponent of an organization's overall climate and is defined as the employees' aggregate "perceptions about the organization's diversity-related formal structure characteristics and informal values"

affirmative action

term: an artificial intervention aimed at giving management a chance to correct an imbalance, injustice, mistake, or outright discrimination that occured in the past

surface-level characteristiccs

term: characteristics that are quickly apparent to interactans, such as race, gender, and age

deep-level characteristics

term: characteristics that take time to emerge in interactions, such as attitudes, opinions and values

managing diversity

term: enables ppl to perform up to their maximum potential

discrimination

term: occurs when employment decisions about an individual are due to reasons not associated with performance or are not related to the job

self-serving bias

term: one's tendency to take more personal responsibility for success than for failure

glass ceiling

term: represents an invisible but absolute barrier or solid roadblock that prevents women from advancing to higher-level positions

diversity

term: represents the multitude of individual differences and similarities that exist among people,

on-ramping

the process companies use to encourage people to reenter the workforce after a temporary career break


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