chapter 4 study

According to Erikson, the developmental stage of trust versus mistrust occurs

in the first year of life.

As the nervous system in infants develops, locomotion becomes possible and children are able to develop a certain amount of

independence.

The reciprocal interchanges and mutual influence processes between parents and children are sometimes referred to as

transactional.

In reference to developmental stages, Erikson believed that infants learn ______ when they are cared for in a warm and consistent manner.

trust

avoidant

unavailable, rejecting, irritable

The current U.S. policy on parental leave is to allow ______.

up to 12 weeks of unpaid leave

A securely attached baby

uses the caregiver as a base from which to explore.

Kagan is responsible for the temperament classification system that involves behavioral___________.

inhibition

disoriented; they might show strong patterns of avoidance and resistance or display certain specified behaviors, such as extreme fearfulness around the caregiver.

insecure disorganized babies

When the caregiver and infant are able to focus on the same object it is called

joint attention.

In order to test visual self-recognition, researchers put a dot of rouge on an infant's nose and determine how often the infant touches its nose after being placed in front of a _______.

mirror

Researchers have discovered that infants are

more socially sophisticated than previously thought.

Many children in the United States are cared for by ______ outside caregivers.

multiple

disorganized

neglectful, abusive

The enduring personal characteristics of the individual are known as

personality

Which of the following statements are true regarding face-to-face play?

It includes vocalization, touch, and gestures. It begins when the infant is about 2 to 3 months of age.

Which of the following is the best description of the Bringing Home Baby project?

It is a workshop for new parents that emphasizes strengthening the couples' relationship and becoming acquainted with the baby.

Infants are able to understand that people have intentions because they can engage in which of the following?

Joint attention, Gaze following

Which theorist developed a temperament classification system based on inhibition and lack of inhibition?

Kagan

______ skills refer to crawling, walking, and running; once infants and toddlers are able to do this, they expand their exploration considerably.

Locomotion

Kagan believes that children inherit a/an ______ that biases them to have a particular type of temperament.

physiology

Almost all classifications designate an emotion as either

positive or negative.

In a most basic classification sense, enthusiasm, joy, and love are classified as________ emotions

positive/pleasant

The early emotions of anger, disgust, fear, interest, joy, sadness, and surprise are all examples of ______ emotions.

primary/basic

Emotional interactions between caregiver and child are ______, or synchronous, meaning they shape and are shaped by each other.

reciprocal

Melissa is a 9-month-old child who loves playing pat-a-cake with her mother. This type of play is an example of

reciprocal socialization.

Ten-month-old Alyssa smiles at her mother and throws a sponge ball toward her. Alyssa's mother tries to catch it and smiles and laughs. Alyssa crawls closer and tries to take the ball, while giggling. This is an example of?

reciprocal socialization.

The interaction between children and caregivers is like a dance or dialog in which each successive action depends on the partner's previous behavior.

reciprocal socialization.

Which type of infant smile does not depend on external stimuli?

Reflexive smile

A(n) ______smile in an infant does not occur in response to external stimuli, but a(n)________smile does.

Reflexive, social

______ involves parents who take the time to interact with a child in such a way that the child experiences turn-taking and the parents support the child's efforts at any age.

Scaffolding

What type of emotions require self-awareness and a sense of 'me'?

Self-conscious emotions

Which category describes Chess and Thomas' classification of a child who has a low activity level, is somewhat negative, and displays a low intensity of mood?

Slow to warm up

Patty has been classified as a slow-to-warm-up child, according to Chess and Thomas' classification system. Which of the following characteristics is she likely to display?

Somewhat negative affect, Low activity level, Low intensity of mood

Which of the following terms are used to describe the interactional nature of emotional communication between parents and child when all is going well?

Synchronous, Reciprocal

True or false: Marital relationships, parenting, and infant behavior and development have both direct and indirect effects on one another.

True

True or false: Personality in infants is thought to involve a sense of self, trust, self-recognition, and independence.

True

True or false: When an infant is upset, a caregiver's soothing actions influence the infant's neurobiological regulation of emotions and lower the level of stress hormones.

True

In one study, more time spent in early non-relative child care was related to higher levels of ______ at 15 years of age.

risk taking and impulsivity

Which of the following factors can result in an infant showing fear as early as 3 months?

abuse and neglect

The more advanced social cognitive skills of infants likely influence their understanding and awareness of

attachment to a caregiver.

Erik Erikson's second stage of development, occurring during the second year of life, is called

autonomy versus shame and doubt.

An important form of reciprocal socialization is

scaffolding

What are the different types of infant cries?

basic cry, anger cry, and pain cry

More children are in child care today than ever before, primarily because U.S. adults

cannot receive paid leave.

Coordinated actions of 1-year-olds in a cooperative task is most likely

coincidental rather than cooperative.

Jenny, an infant, gets scared and starts to cry. She is using her emotions to________ with her parents.

communicate or interact

When parents of children in East Asia encourage the demonstration of emotional reserve, this illustrates the influence of________ diversity on emotional development.

cultural

have caregivers who are sensitive to their signals and constantly available to respond to the infants' needs.

securely attached infant

After Mommy puts a dot of rouge on Megan's nose and places her in front of a mirror, Megan starts to giggle and touches her nose frequently. This is a test of

self-recognition.

secure

sensitive, consistent

The term_________ anxiety describes the behavior of infants who cry when their caregivers leave them.

separation

In the United States, separation protest typically peaks at about the age of ______.

13 to 15 months

n 1992, the European Union mandated a

14-week paid maternity leave.

At what age do most infants begin to exhibit self-recognition, as assessed by the mirror technique?

15 to 18 months

At what age do children markedly increase their imitative and reciprocal play behaviors?

18 to 24

About ______ children in the United States currently receive formal, licensed child care.

2 million

According to one survey, by 2012 the number of stay-at-home dads in the United States was estimated to be

2 million

By the time they are ______, most children recognize themselves in a mirror.

2 yrs old

In general, infant fear first emerges at ______months and peaks at about ______months.

6, 18

What are the two most important emotional expressions that infants display when interacting with their parents?

smiles and cries

Ainsworth created the ____________Situation, an observational way to identify differences in infant attachment

stranger

Which theorists developed a temperament classification system in which most children are considered to be easy, difficult, or slow-to-warm-up?

Chess and Thomas

The family can be thought of as a constellation of ______ defined in terms of generation, gender, and role.

subsystems

An individual's behavioral style and characteristic way of responding is his or her ______.

temperament

In one research study, it was found that mothers of infants respond differently to the crying of irritable girls than the crying of irritable boys. This is an example of how gender affects reaction to

temperament

resistant

Choice, inconsistent, unaffectionate inconsistent, unaffectionate

Individual differences in behavioral styles, emotions, and characteristic way of responding reflect the__________ of a person's personality.

temperament

Jenny, an infant, gets scared and starts to cry. She is using her emotions to ______ with her parents.

Communicate

Kagan believes that _____has both physiological and experiential bases.

temperament

Which of the following statements best describes the influence of biology and environment on emotional development?

Emotions are influenced by both nature and nurture.

______ play encourages infants to prefer people over objects.

Face-to-face

True or false: Most U.S. children have a parent who stays home to care for them.

False

list two examples of displaying self-conscious emotions?

Harry who is embarrassed Sam who feels shame

Baby Marlow uses mom as a base from which to explore the environment. When mom leaves, he protests mildly, and when mom returns, he reestablishes positive interactions with her. Which of Ainsworth's categories best describes Marlow?

He is a securely attached baby.

Baby Jordan engages in little interaction with his mother and isn't distressed when she leaves the room. When she returns, Jordan does not reestablish contact with her and even turns his back on her. Which of Ainsworth's categories best describes Jordan?

He is an insecure avoidant baby.

Baby Mathias cries loudly when his mother leaves the room and then fights against her when she tries to comfort him on her return. Which of the following statements is true?

He is an insecure resistant baby.

Which of the following statements are true of stranger anxiety?

It appears at about 6 months of age.

According to Chess and Thomas' temperament classification system, a(n) ________child is one who reacts negatively and cries frequently, engages in irregular daily routines, and is slow to accept change.

difficult

According to Ainsworth's model, insecure ______ babies may show confusion and fearfulness around their caregivers.

disorganized

Chess and Thomas' classification system placed children into which categories of temperament?

easy, difficult, and slow-to-warm-up

A feeling or affect that occurs when people are in a state or an interaction that is important to them, especially to their wellbeing is known as a/an

emotion.

Infants communicate important aspects of their lives such as joy, sadness, interest, and fear through?

emotions.

Insecure avoidant babies

engage in little interaction with the caregiver.

Which of the following are environmental influences that can encourage or discourage the persistence of temperament characteristics?

goodness of fit influences, cultural influences

The match between a child's temperament and the environmental demands with which the child must cope is known by the term

goodness of fit.

What emotion would an infant younger than 6 months likely not experience?

guilt

According to a 2006 study of discipline and corrective methods, one-third of parents had ______ before the time the child was 12 months old.

yelled at their infant

According to Rothbart and Bates, what does the dimension of self-regulation include?

Ability to distract oneself, Waiting longer to express anger

A high-quality day care center should provide which of the following?

Age-appropriate activities. A safe environment. Age-appropriate toys for play.

The Strange Situation, which was an observational means to identify individual differences in infant attachment, was developed by

Ainsworth.

The term stranger________ describes a situation in which infants demonstrate a wariness of people they do not know.

Anxiety

Which of the following are research-based recommendations in regard to rearing children with different types of temperament?

Be flexible. Avoid labeling. Recognize individuality.

Which of the following is not one of the recommendations regarding the best parenting strategies in relation to children's temperament?

Be strict in responding to the child's characteristics.

An infant's most powerful method of communicating need or distress is through the act of______ .

Crying

According to a 2006 study of discipline and corrective behavior, which of the following was the MAIN method parents used to correct unwanted behavior in their 12-month-olds?

Diverting the infant's attention

Eight-month-old Roger is usually in a positive mood, is adaptive, and conforms readily to household routines. According to Chess & Thomas' classification system, he is a(n)______child.

Easy

A feeling or affect that occurs when individuals are in a state or an interaction that is important to them, especially to their well-being, is called an________ .

Emotion

According to participant evaluation, which of the following were some of the results of the Bringing Home Baby project?

Mothers were less likely to experience postpartum depression. Fathers were more sensitive and involved.

, whereas anxiety, anger, and guilt are classified as emotions.

Negative/unpleasant

Jeremy is a very active toddler whose parents try to avoid putting him in situations where he must sit still for long periods of time. What does this illustrate?

The concept of goodness of fit

True or false: A quality child care environment should provide a low caregiver-child ratio.

True