Chapter 4 - The Role of Culture
Cultural Cluster
Comprises countries that share many cultural similarities
Individualism
Cultural belief that the person comes first
Hofstede's Five Dimensions: _________ (5) Orientation
Social, Power, Uncertainty, Goal, Time
Greenfield Investment
A brand-new investment
Social Mobility
Ability of individuals to move from one stratum of society to another
Two extremes of Goal Orientation:
Aggressive Goal Behavior, Passive Goal Behavior
Collectivism
Belief that the group comes first
Power Orientation
Beliefs that people in a culture hold about the appropriateness of power and authority differences in hierarchies (such as business organizations)
Social Stratification
Categorization of people within a society based on birth, occupation, educational achievements, etc.
Cultural Convergence
Companies bring cultural values to countries in which they operate (think MTV and CNN)
Culture
Distinguishing values, beliefs, customs, etc. that distinguish one society from another
Uncertainty Orientation
Feeling people have regarding uncertain and ambiguous situations
____ and _____ Context Cultures
High, Low
Protestant Ethic stresses:
Individual hard work, frugality, and achievement as means of glorifying God
Two extremes of Social Orientation:
Individualism, Collectivism
High context cultures focus more on ____________ _________, low context cultures focus on the _______ ______ ___ __ _________
Interpersonal relations, Specific terms of a transaction
Cross-Cultural Literacy
Knowledge about other cultures
Two extremes of Time Orientation:
Long-Term Outlook, Short-Term Outlook
Goal Orientation
Manner in which people are motivated to work toward different kinds of goals
Power Tolerance
Much less significance attached to a person's position in the hierarchy
Backtranslation
One person translates a document, then a second person translates it back
Uncertainty Acceptance
People are stimulated by change and thrive on new opportunities
Uncertainty Avoidance
People dislike ambiguity and will avoid it whenever possible
Power Respect
People in a culture tend to accept the power and authority of their superiors simply on the basis of the superior's position in the hierarchy
Aggressive Goal Behavior
People place a high premium on material possessions, money, and assertiveness
Social Orientation
Person's beliefs about the relative importance of the individual and the groups to which that person belongs
Passive Goal Behavior
Place a higher value on social relationships, quality of life, and concern for others
Two extremes of Power Orientation:
Power Respect, Power Tolerance
Lingua Franca
Predominant common language
Acculturation
Process by which people not only understand a foreign culture but also modify and adapt their behavior to make it compatible with that culture
Time Orientation
The extent to which members of a culture adopt a long-term versus short-term outlook on work, life, and other aspects of society
Two extremes of Uncertainty Orientation:
Uncertainty Acceptance, Uncertainty Avoidance
Self-Reference Criterion
Unconscious use of one's own culture to help assess new surroundings
Elements of Culture (5):
Values and Attitudes, Social Structures, Language, Communication, Religion
Social Mobility tends to be higher in ______ __________ _________
less stratified societies
