Chapter 4 Tissues

nervous tissue: nerve/neurons

(conducting units of system) all neurons have cell body and two types of processes -axon (one): transmits a nerve impulse away from the cell body -dendrites (one or more): carry nerve impulses toward the cell body

nervous tissue consists of glia (neuroglia)

(glia=glue) supportive connecting cell tissue and fibers that nourish nerve cells. glial cells are found in the central and peripheral nervous system (central nervous system includes the brain & spinal cord; peripheral nervous system includes all of the nerves that branch out from the brain & spinal cord & extend to other parts of the body including muscles & organs)

epithelial tissue: simple

-simple squamous: same shape single layer of scalelike cells adapted for transport (example: absorption) -simple cuboidal: single layer cubelike cells specialized for secretory activity (may secrete into ducts, blood, body surface) -simple columnar: tall columnlike cells arranged in a single layer, specialized for absorption, contain mucus producing goblet cells

epithelial tissue shape

-squamous: flat and scalelike -cuboidal: cube shape -columnar: taller then they are wide -transitional: cell shape changes as the tissue stretches

epithelial tissue: stratified

-stratified squamous: several layers closely packed cells specialized in protection -stratified cuboidal: two or more layers of cubelike cells sometimes found in sweat glands and other locations -stratified transitional: up to 10 layers of rough cuboidal cells that distort to squamous shape when stretched (found in body areas that stretch like the urinary bladder lining)

nervous tissue

-structure: large cell bodies, thin fiber like extensions, supportive glial cells present -location: brain, spinal cord, nerves -function: irritability, conduction, senses and rapidly processes communication between body structures and control of body functions, helps maintain homeostasis

fibrous tissue

Any tissue comprised of a network of closely woven small fibres adhering together as bundles

muscle tissue

Contracts to produce movement/stability, and body heat, slow to heal, replaced by scar tissue if injured

haversian system

Haversian canals are a series of tubes around narrow channels formed by lamellae (a thin layer, membrane, or plate of tissue, especially in bone). The Haversian canals surround blood vessels and nerve fibers throughout the bone and communicate with osteocytes (a bone cell, formed when an osteoblast (cells that form new bone) becomes embedded in the matrix it has secreted). The canals and the surrounding lamellae are called a Haversian system (or an osteon)

connective tissue

Provides structural and functional support and few in matrix. It's the most abundant and widely distributed tissue. found in skin, membranes, muscles, bones, nerves, internal organs.

Which of the following is not a principal type of tissue? a. Cardiac b. Epithelial c. Nervous d. Connective e. Muscle

a. Cardiac

Which of the following is not a type of connective tissue? a. Cardiac b. Blood c. Adipose d. Cartilage

a. Cardiac

What is the main function of muscle tissue? a. Movement b. Transmission of impulse c. Support d. Protection

a. Movement

Adipose tissue is: a. a storage tissue. b. a muscle tissue. c. held together by cartilage. d. an epithelial tissue.

a. a storage tissue.

The most abundant and widespread tissue in the body is: a. connective. b. epithelial. c. muscle. d. nerve.

a. connective.

A lubricating substance produced by goblet cells is called: a. mucus. b. matrix. c. plasma. d. collagen.

a. mucus.

Stratified squamous epithelial cells are found in the: a. skin. b. lining of the trachea. c. kidney tubules. d. urinary bladder.

a. skin.

Stratified transitional epithelium is typically found in body areas: a. subjected to stress b. requiring transport c. requiring protection d. requiring the formation of tubules

a. subjected to stress

loose fibrous connective tissue is also called _____ _____

areolar tissue

What is the major function of epithelial tissue? a. Transmission of impulse b. Protection c. Contraction d. Support

b. Protection

Which of the following is not a classification of epithelial cell shapes? a. squamous b. basal c. cuboidal d. transitional

b. basal

An example of a fluid form of connective tissue is: a. water b. blood c. saline d. perspiration

b. blood

The strongest and most durable type of cartilage is: a. hyaline b. fibrocartilage c. elastic d. chondrocyte

b. fibrocartilage

connective tissue: hematopoietic

blood forming tissue with liquid matrix

a special kind of adipose tissue called _________ actually burns its fuel when the body is cold to produce heat

brown lipid

Which of the following contains intercalated disks? a. Smooth muscle b. Striated muscle c. Cardiac muscle d. Blood

c. Cardiac muscle

This type of tissue has cube-shaped cells and can be found lining the kidney tubules. a. Simple squamous epithelium b. Stratified squamous epithelium c. Simple cuboidal epithelium d. Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

c. Simple cuboidal epithelium

_______ is a protein that forms microscopic twisted ropes within the matrix of many tissues and gives a tissue flexible strength. a. proteoglycans b. polysaccharides c. collagen d. elastin

c. collagen

dense fibrous connective tissue consists mainly of thick bundles of strong, white __________ fibers that are packed closely together

collagen

Skeletal muscle is: a. smooth b. involuntary c. identified under a microscope by branching muscle fibers d. attached to bones

d. attached to bones

Smooth muscle: a. is found in the heart b. produces voluntary body movements c. has multiple nuclei per cell d. helps to form the walls of blood vessels and hollow organs

d. helps to form the walls of blood vessels and hollow organs

The conducting unit of the nerve tissue is the: a. connector. b. dendrite. c. axon. d. neuron.

d. neuron.

Neuroglia are: a. nerve cells b. a type of dendrites c. a type of axon d. special connecting and supporting cells of nervous tissue

d. special connecting and supporting cells of nervous tissue

Cancellous bone is also referred to as: a. osteons b. haversian systems c. cartilage d. spongy bone

d. spongy bone

________ is present in some tissues and gives them the ability to stretch and rebound easily

elastin

glands that release their secretion into the bloodstream are known as _______

endocrine

________ tissue provides structural and functional support.

epithelial

connective tissue: dense tissue

fibrous, bundles of strong collagen fibers densely packed -regular: parallel collagen bundles (example: tendons) -irregular: chaotic swirling collagen bundles (example: deep layer of skin)

connective tissue: reticular tissue

fibrous, delicate net of collagen fibers (as in bone marrow)

connective tissue: adipose tissue

fibrous, fat, metabolism regulation, brown fat produces heat, white fat stores lipids

connective tissue: areolar tissue

fibrous, loose, connective, fibrous glue (fascia) holds organs together, collagenous and elastic fibers

epithelial tissue

form sheets that cover/line the body, cells packed closely together with little matrix, contain no blood vessels (a sheet of epithelial tissue is called epithelium)

bubble filled structures among simple columnar epithelial cells that produce mucus are _______ cells

goblet

compact bone is made up of structural building blocks known as ______ or ______

haversian systems, osteons

blood forming tissue is _______________

hematopoietic tissue

matrix/extracellular matrix (ECM)

internal fluid environment surrounding cells of each tissue, mostly water but also often contains fibers and other substances that give it thick jellylike consistency (varies in amount and composition among the various tissues)

the fluid material between the cells is called the ________

matrix

the type and quality of the ________ and fibers between cells determine the qualities of each type of connective tissue

matrix

connective tissue: bone tissue

matrix is calcified collagen bundles, functions as support and protection -compact: made up of cylindrical osteons (roughly cylindrical structures)/haversian systems, forms outer walls of bones -cancellous (spongy): made up of thin crisscrossing beams of bone, found inside of bones

connective tissue: cartilage tissue

matrix is consistency of gristle like gel, chondrocyte is cell type -hyaline: moderate amount of collagen in matrix, forms a flexible gel -fibrocartilage: matrix is dense w collagen, forms tough hard gel -elastic: matrix has some collagen w elastin, forms a soft elastic gel

connective tissue: blood tissue

matrix is fluid plasma, cell types include RBC, WBC and platelets, functions are transportation and protection

muscle tissue: smooth

nonstriated/visceral involuntary -structure: threadlike, single nuclei no cross striations -location: walls of blood vessels and large lymphatic vessels, walls of tubular organs such as digestive tract, respiratory tract, genitourinary tract, ducts of glands, eye muscles, arrector muscles of hair -function: movement of substances along respective tracts and ducts, changes diameter of vessels, pupils and shape of lens, erection of hairs (goose bumps)

epithelial tissue: pseudostratified columnar

single layer of distorted columnar cells, each cell touches basement membrane

muscle tissue: cardiac

striated involuntary, -location: wall of heart/composes heart wall -structure: faint cross striations, thick dark bands called intercalated disks, branch and connect cylinders to produce 3D interlocking mass of contractile tissue -function: contraction of heart (cant control contractions)

muscle tissue: skeletal

striated/voluntary, (control is voluntary/ striations apparent when viewed under microscope) -structure: multiple nuclei, banded/ threadlike, long/ cylindrical shape -location: attaches to bones, eyeball muscles, upper third of esophagus -function: Maintenance of posture, movement of bones, produces body heat, Eye movements, First part of swallowing