Chapter 4: Tissues

the major purposes of adipose tissue in the body are:

- padding, - cushioning, - insulating

The unidirectional pathway for an impulse to travel through a neuron is:

dendrite --> soma --> axon

areolar

describes cells that connect skin to muscle

intercalated

describes discs found in cardiac cells

through the process of differentiation:

each cell specializes to perform a relatively restricted range of functions

exocrine secretions

enzymes, milk, perspiration

desmosome

epithelial cell interconnection

The restoration of homeostasis after an injury involves two related processes, which are:

inflammation and regeneration

pseudostratified columnar

lines the bronchi

simple columnar

lines the small intestines

simple cuboidal

lines the urinary tubes

stratified squamous

makes up the inside lining of the mouth

mucin

merocrine secretion

Straited, voluntary, and multinucleated describes the structural and functional characteristics of __________ muscle.

skeletal

Smooth muscle is like cardiac muscle in that:

smooth muscle cells are under involuntary control

muscle

tissue that has the ability to contract

collections of specialized cells and cell products that perform a limited range of functions are called:

tissues

ligaments

tissues that connect bone to bone

tendons

tissues that connect muscle to bone

In the ureters and urinary bladder, where large changes in volume occur, the primary epithelial type is:

transitional

neural

type of tissue that conducts impulses

Smooth muscle tissue is most likely found in the:

walls of hallow internal organs

CAMs (cell adhesion molecules)

cell junctions

smooth muscle nucleus

(A)

smooth muscle cell

(B)

soma

(B)

What is the functional difference between microvilli and cilia on the exposed surfaces of epithelial cells?

Microvillia = absorption, increase SA Cilia = secretion

What two types of cell populations make up neural tissue, and what is the primary function of each type?

Neurons= send communications to brain and body Neuroglia = support and repair neural tissue and supply nutrients to neurons; keep neural tissue healthy

Structurally, neurons are unique because they are the only cells in the body that have:

axons and dendrites

ligament

connects bone to bone

A unique feature of muscle tissue is that it is capable of ________.

contration

epithelial tissue is composed of layers of cells that:

cover internal or external surfaces

pericardium

covers the heart

pleura

covers the lungs

sebaceous glands

holocrine secretion

the type of epithelium that typically possesses cilia and lines the nasal cavity, trachea, and bronchi is _______.

psuedostratified epithelia

the two types of layering used to classify epithelia are:

simple and stratified

The membranes associated with freely moveable joints are ________.

synovial membranes

skeletal muscle fibers are very unusual because they may be:

a foot or more in length, and each cell contains hundreds of nuclei

The least specialized connective tissue in the adult body is _______.

aereolar

neuron

an elongated cell that can conduct impulses

the two types of supporting connective tissue found in the body are:

cartilage and bone

squamous

cells that appear to be flat and that line some organs

bone

cells that form concentric rings around blood vessels

blood

cells that have a liquid matrix

The most common fibers in connective tissue proper are _________.

collagen

neural tissue is specialized to:

conduct electrical impulses throughout the body

tendons

connect muscle to bone

Of the four primary types, the tissue that stores energy in bulk quantities is ________.

connective

the pads that lie between the vertebrae in the vertebral column contain:

fibrocartilage

endocrine secretions

hormones

The loose connective tissue of a mucous membrane is called the ________.

lamina propria

Stratified squamous epithelium is found where:

mechanical stresses are severe, such as the lining of the mouth.

How do the processes of merocine, apocrine, and holocrine secretion differ?

merocine = product released at apical surface of gland cells by exocytosis apocrine = involves loss of apical cytoplasm holocrine = occurs as superficial gland cells burst

The two primary requirements for maintaining tissue homeostasis over time are:

metabolic turnover and adequate nutrition

the type of membranes lining cavities that communicate with the exterior of the body are:

mucous membranes

Cells of the nervous system that function to protect, provide nourishment to, and support the neural tissue are:

neuroglia

transitional epithelium

permits expansion

simple squamous

reduces friction

In the second phase of repair following injury, damaged tissues are replaced to restore normal function through the process of:

regeneration

fibrosis

replacement of normal tissue

Connective tissue fibers forming a branching, interwoven framework that is tough but flexible describes ________ fibers.

reticular

Simple cuboidal epithelial cells are specialized to:

secrete enzymes and buffers in the pancreas and salivary glands

List the types of exocrine glands in the body and identify their secretions.

serous glans: watery fluid mucuous glands: viscous mucous mixed glands: serous and mucous secretions

The visceral and parietal pleura are made of:

serous membrane

The pleura, peritoneum, and pericardium are examples of:

serous membranes

The reduction of friction between the parietal and visceral surfaces of an internal cavity is the function of:

serous membranes

the type of epithelial cells found in protected regions where absorption takes place or a slippery surface reduces friction is _______.

simple squamous epithelium

soma

the portion of a neuron that contains the organelles

Redness, warmth, and swelling are responses due to:

the release of histamine by mast cells at an injury site

Inflammation is the first evidence of:

the tissue repair process

connective

the tissue that has a matrix associated with the cells

epithelial

the tissue that makes up the lining of many organs

The major functions of neurons is neural tissue is to:

transmit signals that take the form of changes in the transmembrane potential

stem cells

unspecialized germinative cells

neuron nucleus

(H)

One difference between bone and cartilage is that:

- bone is highly vascular but cartilage is not - bone repairs easily but cartilage does not - oxygen demand is high in bone but it is low in cartilage

Cardiac muscle is different than skeletal muscle in that:

- cardiac muscle is under involuntary control - cardiac muscle has intercalated discs

the mucous membranes that are lined by simple epithelia perform the functions of:

- digestion and circulation - respiration and excretion - absorption and secretion

Tissue changes with age can be the result of:

- hormonal changes - improper nutrition - an inadequate amount of activity

the three major types of cartilage found in the body are:

- hyaline, - elastic, - fibrocartilage

Which of the following membranes consist of epithelial tissue and loose connective tissue?

- mucous - serous - cutaneous - synovial

Summarize the four essential functions of epithelial tissue.

- physical protection - control permeability, allows/ keeps out certain foreign invaders - provide sensation: sensors on skin allow/ send feedback so you're aware of external surroundings - produce specialize secretion sweat

the three major subdivisions of the extracellular fluid in the body are:

- plasma, - interstitial fluid, - lymph

The three types of muscle tissue found in the body are:

- skeletal - cardiac - smooth

Tissue changes with age include:

- thinner epithelial tissue - more brittle connective tissue - inability to repair cardiac and nerve cells

the four basic tissue types found in the human body are:

-epithelial, -connective, -muscle, -neural

the major cell types found in connective tissue proper are:

-fibroblasts, -macrophages, -fat cells, -mast cells

the three classes of connective tissue based on structure and function are:

-fluid, -supporting, -connective tissue proper

If epithelial cells are classified according to their function, the classes would include those involved with:

-lining, -covering, -secreting

the primary function(s) of epithelial tissue is (are):

-providing physical protection, -controlling permeability and providing sensation, -producing specialized secreations

the three basic components of all connective tissues are:

-specialized cells, -extracellular protein fibers, -ground substance

the three recognizable cell shapes to classify epithelia are:

-squamous, -cuboidal, -columnar

the primary function(s) of connective tissue include(s):

-supportive, protection, and defense -transportation of materials -storage of energy reserves

What are the three types of muscle tissue?

1) Skeletal 2) Cardiac 3) Smooth

What three basic types of fibers are found in connective tissue?

1) collagen 2) reticular 3) elastic

What three classifications are recognized to classify connective tissues?

1) connective tissue proper 2) fluid connective tissue- blood and lymph 3) supporting connective tissues

What are the four primary tissue types in the body?

1) epithelial 2) muscle 3) neural 4) connective

What four kinds of membranes-- consisting of epithelial and connective tissues that cover and protect other structures and tissue-- are found in the body?

1) mucous 2) serous 3) cutaneous 4) synovial

What three basic components are found in all connective tissues?

1) specialized cells 2) extracellular protein fibers 3) fluid