Chapter 4 World History LESSON 3

the movement of goods, people, and ideas that led to a world economy, such as the millions of enslaved Africans brought to the Americas; the import and export of plants and animals of the Columbian Ex- change; the spread of European diseases to native peoples; the theory of mercantilism that encouraged colonial expansion.

How did European expansion create the first global economic system?

encomienda labor

Through the - system, Spanish landowners forced Native Americans to pay taxes and provide -. It was a failure because Native Amerians were often abused instead of being protected by settlers.

Creoles multiracial Creoles

- were Europeans born in Latin America and their descendants. Several - groups were beneath the - and the peninsulares.

Peninsulares

-, Spanish and Portuguese officials born in Europe, were the highest social class and maintained power in colonial Latin America because they were born in parent countries that founded their colonies.

10

As many as - million enslaved Africans were brought to the Americas between the early 1500s and the late 1800s.

Christianize or convert missionaries

Determined to - the native peoples, Catholic - throughout the Spanish Empire brought Native Americans together into missions. This contributed to the colonization of latin America.

African

Europeans first bought enslaved people from - merchants in return for gold and other goods.

mita draft

In Peru, through a system known as the -, authorities could - native peoples to work in silver mines.

mestizos mulattoes

Many social groups, such as the - (people of mixed European and Native American Indian descent) and -, emerged as a result of the intermarriage between Europeans and Native Americans or Africans.

1500s sugarcane

Plantations that were established in the Americas in the - to grow - needed many laborers.

viceroys

Portuguese and Spanish monarchies appointed governor-generals, or -, to help govern their colonies in Latin America.

status

Social classes in colonial Latin America were based on -.

gold silver

The Portuguese and Spanish increased their wealth by removing natural resources like - and - from Latin American land.

Quakers (also known as Society of Friends)

Until the - condemned it in the 1770s, slavery remained largely acceptable in Europe.

social characteristics of the Latin American colonies, such as the complex interactions between the various peoples in the colonies and the stratified class system; economic characteristics such as the removal of natural resources, the encomienda and mita systems, and trade with Europe; political characteristics such as government by viceroys and the powerful influence of the Catholic Church and the activities of its missionaries.

What were the social, economic, and political characteristics of Spanish and Portuguese rule in Latin America?

nuns

With the establishment of convents, women had an outlet other than marriage; they could become -.