Chapter 42 Plant Reproduction

How long can Bristlecone pine live?

4,000 years

What is a protoplast?

A plant enclosed only by a plasma membrane

______ flowers are bilaterally symmetrical.

Advanced Note: an example is an orchid

Collective term for stamens

Androecium

___________ grow, flower, form fruits and seeds, and typically die within one growing season.

Annual plants Note: These are usually herbaceous

_____ are the most common insect pollinators.

Bees Note: They typically visit yellow or blue flowers. Yellow flowers are marked in distinctive ways that are normally invisible to humans.

__________ have two-year life cycles. They store energy first year and flower the second year.

Biennial plants

______ are flattened sepals.

Calyx

Ovule, Ovary, Style, and Stigma

Carpel

What happens when single plant protoplasts are cultured?

Cell wall regeneration takes place. Cell division follows to form a callus, an undifferentiated mass of cells. Whole plants are then produced.

______ are fused petals.

Corolla

Some angiosperms are wind-pollinated, which is a characteristic of __________. Flowers of these plants are _______, ________, and ______, with reduced or absent corollas.

Early seed plants; small, green, and odorless

Collective term for carpels

Gynoecium

What kind of bird obtains nectar from flowers that match the length and shape of their beaks?

Hummingbirds

_______ flower lacks one or more whorls.

Incomplete

Explain the process of double-fertilization.

One sperm cell nucleus fuses with egg cell to form diploid (2n) zygote. Other sperm cell nucleus fuses with two polar nuclei to form triploid (3n) endosperm nucleus. Eventually develops into endosperm that nourishes embryo.

__________ flower and produce seeds and fruit for an indefinite number of growing seasons. May be woody or herbaceous

Perennial plants

_______ flowers are radially symmetrical.

Primitive

Plants go through developmental changes leading to _______.

Reproductive maturity

Three reasons outcrossing is promoted.

Separation of male and female structures in space, separation of male and female structures in time, self-incompatibility

Filament and anther

Stamen

Angiosperms undergo a unique process called double fertilization. What is this?

When a pollen grain that lands on a stigma forms a pollen tube that pierces the style. While the pollen tube is growing, generative cell divides to form 2 sperm cells. When pollen reaches the ovule, enters through one of synergids and releases the two sperm cells.

What is dichogamous?

When then stamens and pistils are both found in the same flower, but may reach maturity at different times.

_______ plants, which have extensive secondary growth, typically live longer than _____ plants.

Woody plants; herbaceous plants

Plant sexual life cycles are characterized by ___________.

an alternation of generations

The asexual development of a diploid embryo in ovule refers to what?

apoximis

Successful pollination in many angiosperms depends on _______.

attraction of pollinators

Other animals, including ________ and ______ may aid in pollination.

bats and small rodents

Some plants require a period of _____ before flowering. This is called _______.

chilling; vernalization

In __________ all leaves fall, and tree is bare for part of year.

deciduous plants

What is the female gametophyte?

embryo sac

In __________, leaves drop throughout the year, therefore plant is never complely bare.

evergreen plants

Autonomous pathway does NOT depend on

external cues

Flowers that are visited regularly by butterflies often have __________.

flat "landing platforms"

Angiosperms produce evolutionary innovations-- _______ and ______.

flowers and fruits

Complete flower has ____ whorls. Name them.

four; calyx, corolla, androecium, and gynoecium

Before flowers can form, plants must undergo a phase change to allow plant to respond to ______ and ______ signals.

internal and external

How do plants flower? Different pathways

lay length, temperature, hormone levels, autonomous (without environmental cues)

Floral organs are throught to have evolved from ______.

leaves

Based on ______, plants do flower when environmental conditions are favorable

light duration

Asexual reproduction produces genetically identical individuals because only______ occurs. This is more common in harsh environments.

mitosis

A germinating seed becomes a vegetative plant through _______.

morphogenesis

Monkeys are attracted to _______ and ______.

orange and yellow Note: They disperse orange and yellow fruits

What is cross pollination? Also known as outcrossing

pollen from anther of one flower pollinates stigma of another flower

What is self-pollination?

pollen from anther pollinates stigma of same flower

What is the male gametophyte?

pollen grains

Flowers that are visited regularly by birds often have a ______ color that is usually inconspicuous to insects.

red

What is floral specialization?

separate floral parts have been grouped, floral parts have been lost or reduced (wild geranium)

Self-pollinated plants usually have small, relatively inconspicuous flowers that ___________.

shed pollen directly into the stigma

In angiosperms, gametophyte generation is very _____ and is completely enclosed within tissues of parent sphorophyte.

small

What is pollination?

the process by which pollen is placed on the stigma

What is senescence?

the process that leads to death of a plant

Asexual reproduction is used in agriculture and horticulture for what purpose?

to propagate a particularly desirable plant

Flowers that are visited regularly by moths are often __________ and ________.

white or pale in color and are usually heavily scented