Chapter 42 Plant Reproduction
How long can Bristlecone pine live?
4,000 years
What is a protoplast?
A plant enclosed only by a plasma membrane
______ flowers are bilaterally symmetrical.
Advanced Note: an example is an orchid
Collective term for stamens
Androecium
___________ grow, flower, form fruits and seeds, and typically die within one growing season.
Annual plants Note: These are usually herbaceous
_____ are the most common insect pollinators.
Bees Note: They typically visit yellow or blue flowers. Yellow flowers are marked in distinctive ways that are normally invisible to humans.
__________ have two-year life cycles. They store energy first year and flower the second year.
Biennial plants
______ are flattened sepals.
Calyx
Ovule, Ovary, Style, and Stigma
Carpel
What happens when single plant protoplasts are cultured?
Cell wall regeneration takes place. Cell division follows to form a callus, an undifferentiated mass of cells. Whole plants are then produced.
______ are fused petals.
Corolla
Some angiosperms are wind-pollinated, which is a characteristic of __________. Flowers of these plants are _______, ________, and ______, with reduced or absent corollas.
Early seed plants; small, green, and odorless
Collective term for carpels
Gynoecium
What kind of bird obtains nectar from flowers that match the length and shape of their beaks?
Hummingbirds
_______ flower lacks one or more whorls.
Incomplete
Explain the process of double-fertilization.
One sperm cell nucleus fuses with egg cell to form diploid (2n) zygote. Other sperm cell nucleus fuses with two polar nuclei to form triploid (3n) endosperm nucleus. Eventually develops into endosperm that nourishes embryo.
__________ flower and produce seeds and fruit for an indefinite number of growing seasons. May be woody or herbaceous
Perennial plants
_______ flowers are radially symmetrical.
Primitive
Plants go through developmental changes leading to _______.
Reproductive maturity
Three reasons outcrossing is promoted.
Separation of male and female structures in space, separation of male and female structures in time, self-incompatibility
Filament and anther
Stamen
Angiosperms undergo a unique process called double fertilization. What is this?
When a pollen grain that lands on a stigma forms a pollen tube that pierces the style. While the pollen tube is growing, generative cell divides to form 2 sperm cells. When pollen reaches the ovule, enters through one of synergids and releases the two sperm cells.
What is dichogamous?
When then stamens and pistils are both found in the same flower, but may reach maturity at different times.
_______ plants, which have extensive secondary growth, typically live longer than _____ plants.
Woody plants; herbaceous plants
Plant sexual life cycles are characterized by ___________.
an alternation of generations
The asexual development of a diploid embryo in ovule refers to what?
apoximis
Successful pollination in many angiosperms depends on _______.
attraction of pollinators
Other animals, including ________ and ______ may aid in pollination.
bats and small rodents
Some plants require a period of _____ before flowering. This is called _______.
chilling; vernalization
In __________ all leaves fall, and tree is bare for part of year.
deciduous plants
What is the female gametophyte?
embryo sac
In __________, leaves drop throughout the year, therefore plant is never complely bare.
evergreen plants
Autonomous pathway does NOT depend on
external cues
Flowers that are visited regularly by butterflies often have __________.
flat "landing platforms"
Angiosperms produce evolutionary innovations-- _______ and ______.
flowers and fruits
Complete flower has ____ whorls. Name them.
four; calyx, corolla, androecium, and gynoecium
Before flowers can form, plants must undergo a phase change to allow plant to respond to ______ and ______ signals.
internal and external
How do plants flower? Different pathways
lay length, temperature, hormone levels, autonomous (without environmental cues)
Floral organs are throught to have evolved from ______.
leaves
Based on ______, plants do flower when environmental conditions are favorable
light duration
Asexual reproduction produces genetically identical individuals because only______ occurs. This is more common in harsh environments.
mitosis
A germinating seed becomes a vegetative plant through _______.
morphogenesis
Monkeys are attracted to _______ and ______.
orange and yellow Note: They disperse orange and yellow fruits
What is cross pollination? Also known as outcrossing
pollen from anther of one flower pollinates stigma of another flower
What is self-pollination?
pollen from anther pollinates stigma of same flower
What is the male gametophyte?
pollen grains
Flowers that are visited regularly by birds often have a ______ color that is usually inconspicuous to insects.
red
What is floral specialization?
separate floral parts have been grouped, floral parts have been lost or reduced (wild geranium)
Self-pollinated plants usually have small, relatively inconspicuous flowers that ___________.
shed pollen directly into the stigma
In angiosperms, gametophyte generation is very _____ and is completely enclosed within tissues of parent sphorophyte.
small
What is pollination?
the process by which pollen is placed on the stigma
What is senescence?
the process that leads to death of a plant
Asexual reproduction is used in agriculture and horticulture for what purpose?
to propagate a particularly desirable plant
Flowers that are visited regularly by moths are often __________ and ________.
white or pale in color and are usually heavily scented