Chapter 44

Urea is

The primary nitrogenous waste product in Humans

Which of the following contribute to maintaining the high osmolarity of the renal medulla

All except the diffusion of salt from the descending limb of the loop of Henle

What process is the nephron is Least selective

Filtration

Compared to the sea water around the most marine invertebrates are

Isoosmotic

And examination of a marine sea star that had died after it was mistakenly placed in freshwater would likely show that it died because

It was so hypertonic to the fresh water that it could not Osmoregulate

The transfer of fluid from the glamorous to the Bowmans capsule

It's mainly a consequence of blood pressure and the capillaries of the glamorous

And excretory system that is Partly based on the filtration of fluid under high hydrostatic pressure is the

Kidney of vertebrates

Which of the following is characteristic of juxtamedullary nephrons

Long loop of henle

And examination of a freshwater fish that died after being placed accidentally in salt water would likely show that

Loss of water by osmosis from cells and vital organs resulted in cell death and organ failure

Ammonia is likely to be the primary nitrogenous waste and living conditions that include

Lots of fresh water flowing across the gills of a fish

In which of the following species should natural selection favor the highest proportion of Juxamedullary nephrons

Mouse living in desert

In animals nitrogenous waste's are produced mostly from the catabolism of

Phospholipids and glycolipids

After blood flows artificially reduced at one kidney you would expect that kidney to secrete more of the hormone known as

Renin

Bird secrete uric acid as their nitrogenous waste because uric acid

Requires a little water for nitrogenous waste disposal thus reducing body mass

IAfrican lungfish which are often found in small stagnant pools a freshwater produce area as a nitrogenous waste what is the advantage of this adaptation

Small stagnant pools do not provide enough water to dilute ammonia which is toxic

Animals have adapted different mechanisms for excreting nitrogenous waste products which of the following are selective pressures that likely influence which mechanism an animal uses

The amount of water available in the animals habitat and the energy needs of the animal

Why are the renal artery and vein critical to the process of osmoregulation in vertebrates?

The renal artery delivers blood with nitrogenous waste to the kidney and the renal vein brings blood with less nitrogenous wastes away from the kidneys.

Within a normally functioning kidney, red blood cells can be found in

The vas's recta

What role do transport epithelia play in osmoregulation of marine fish with Bony skeletons

They are involved in excretion of excess salt

A primary reason that the kidneys have one of the highest metabolic rate of all body organs is that

They operate extensive sets of active transport Ion pumps

The advantage of excreting nitrogenous waste's as urea rather than ammonia is that

Urea is less toxic than ammonia

Studies of cricket malpighin tubules Revealed that potassium ions accumulated inside the tube you're moving against the potassium concentration gradient how would you expect the movement of water to be influenced by the distribution of potassium ions

Would be a net movement of water into the lumen of the tubules

Which of the following animals generally has the lowest volume of urine production

a marine bony fish

To maintain homeostasis freshwater fish must _____.

excrete large quantities of water

Low selectivity of solute movement is a characteristic of

filtration from the glomerular capillaries

If ATP production in a human kidney was suddenly halted, urine production would

increase, and the urine would be isoosmotic compared to plasma.

Excretory organs known as Malpighian tubules are present in

insects

The body fluids of an Osmoconformer would be—— with its —— environment

isoosmotic; seawater

Among the following choices the most concentrated urine is excreted by

kangaroo rats

Urea is produced in the

liver from NH3 and CO2

Processing of filtrate in the proximal and distal tubules

maintains homeostasis of pH in body fluids

The osmoregulatory/excretory system of a freshwater flatworm is based on the operation of

protonephridia

Materials are returned to the blood from the filtrate by which of the following processes

reabsorption

Unlike an earthworm's metanephridia, a mammalian nephron

receives filtrate from blood instead of coelomic fluid.

The osmoregulatory process called secretion refers to the

selective elimination of excess ions and toxins from body fluids

Increased antidiuretic hormone (ADH) secretion is likely after _____.

sweating-induced dehydration increases plasma osmolarity

The force driving simple diffusion is _____, while the energy source for active transport is _____.

the concentration gradient; ATP