Chapter 44
Urea is
The primary nitrogenous waste product in Humans
Which of the following contribute to maintaining the high osmolarity of the renal medulla
All except the diffusion of salt from the descending limb of the loop of Henle
What process is the nephron is Least selective
Filtration
Compared to the sea water around the most marine invertebrates are
Isoosmotic
And examination of a marine sea star that had died after it was mistakenly placed in freshwater would likely show that it died because
It was so hypertonic to the fresh water that it could not Osmoregulate
The transfer of fluid from the glamorous to the Bowmans capsule
It's mainly a consequence of blood pressure and the capillaries of the glamorous
And excretory system that is Partly based on the filtration of fluid under high hydrostatic pressure is the
Kidney of vertebrates
Which of the following is characteristic of juxtamedullary nephrons
Long loop of henle
And examination of a freshwater fish that died after being placed accidentally in salt water would likely show that
Loss of water by osmosis from cells and vital organs resulted in cell death and organ failure
Ammonia is likely to be the primary nitrogenous waste and living conditions that include
Lots of fresh water flowing across the gills of a fish
In which of the following species should natural selection favor the highest proportion of Juxamedullary nephrons
Mouse living in desert
In animals nitrogenous waste's are produced mostly from the catabolism of
Phospholipids and glycolipids
After blood flows artificially reduced at one kidney you would expect that kidney to secrete more of the hormone known as
Renin
Bird secrete uric acid as their nitrogenous waste because uric acid
Requires a little water for nitrogenous waste disposal thus reducing body mass
IAfrican lungfish which are often found in small stagnant pools a freshwater produce area as a nitrogenous waste what is the advantage of this adaptation
Small stagnant pools do not provide enough water to dilute ammonia which is toxic
Animals have adapted different mechanisms for excreting nitrogenous waste products which of the following are selective pressures that likely influence which mechanism an animal uses
The amount of water available in the animals habitat and the energy needs of the animal
Why are the renal artery and vein critical to the process of osmoregulation in vertebrates?
The renal artery delivers blood with nitrogenous waste to the kidney and the renal vein brings blood with less nitrogenous wastes away from the kidneys.
Within a normally functioning kidney, red blood cells can be found in
The vas's recta
What role do transport epithelia play in osmoregulation of marine fish with Bony skeletons
They are involved in excretion of excess salt
A primary reason that the kidneys have one of the highest metabolic rate of all body organs is that
They operate extensive sets of active transport Ion pumps
The advantage of excreting nitrogenous waste's as urea rather than ammonia is that
Urea is less toxic than ammonia
Studies of cricket malpighin tubules Revealed that potassium ions accumulated inside the tube you're moving against the potassium concentration gradient how would you expect the movement of water to be influenced by the distribution of potassium ions
Would be a net movement of water into the lumen of the tubules
Which of the following animals generally has the lowest volume of urine production
a marine bony fish
To maintain homeostasis freshwater fish must _____.
excrete large quantities of water
Low selectivity of solute movement is a characteristic of
filtration from the glomerular capillaries
If ATP production in a human kidney was suddenly halted, urine production would
increase, and the urine would be isoosmotic compared to plasma.
Excretory organs known as Malpighian tubules are present in
insects
The body fluids of an Osmoconformer would be—— with its —— environment
isoosmotic; seawater
Among the following choices the most concentrated urine is excreted by
kangaroo rats
Urea is produced in the
liver from NH3 and CO2
Processing of filtrate in the proximal and distal tubules
maintains homeostasis of pH in body fluids
The osmoregulatory/excretory system of a freshwater flatworm is based on the operation of
protonephridia
Materials are returned to the blood from the filtrate by which of the following processes
reabsorption
Unlike an earthworm's metanephridia, a mammalian nephron
receives filtrate from blood instead of coelomic fluid.
The osmoregulatory process called secretion refers to the
selective elimination of excess ions and toxins from body fluids
Increased antidiuretic hormone (ADH) secretion is likely after _____.
sweating-induced dehydration increases plasma osmolarity
The force driving simple diffusion is _____, while the energy source for active transport is _____.
the concentration gradient; ATP