Chapter 4/5 Psychology 101

Which field of psychology includes the following concepts: figure-ground relationship, law of continuity, and principle of closure?

Gestalt

_____ is one way in which people can help reset their biological clocks.

Light-dark exposure

Two lines appear to be a different length, though in reality they are the same length. This is known as the ________ illusion.

Müller-Lyer

The audible range for humans is ________

20-20,000 Hz

The visible spectrum includes light that ranges from about ________

400-700 nm

Cues that require two ears are referred to as ________ cues.

binaural

______ depth cues require the use of both eyes.

binocular

________ disparity refers to the slightly different view of the world that each eye receives.

binocular

Hearing aids might be effective for treating _____

conductive hearing loss

Melatonin release is stimulated by ________ and inhibited by ________.

darkness; light

Symptoms of ________ may be improved by REM deprivation.

depression

Which of the following is a symptom of REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD)?

kicking and punching while asleep

In a normal-sighted individual, the ________ will focus images perfectly on a small indentation in the back of the eye known as the ________.

lens; fovea

Cataplexy is a symptom associated with ________.

narcolepsy

Felicia smacks her thumb with a hammer while building a doghouse. The sense of ________ provides her brain with information about the pain she feels.

nociception

Morphine is considered a(n) ________ drug because it decreases pain.

opioid

Chemical messages often sent between two members of a species to communicate something about reproductive status are called ______

pheromones

Growth hormone is secreted by the ________ while we sleep.

pituitary gland

Decreased sensitivity to an unchanging stimulus is known as ________

sensory adaptation

________ occurs when there is a chronic deficiency in sleep.

sleep debt

Which of the following statements about sleep deprivation is false?

sleep deprivation often results in ADHD.

Crack is considered more addictive than cocaine because it is ________.

smokable, so it reaches the brain more quickly

________ is exemplified by stroking the hand of another person.

somatosensation

________ is another word for sleepwalking.

somnambulism

What is amplitude?

the height of a wave

Due to his sense of ________, Abraham knows he is cold when he is outside during a blizzard, and he knows he is hot after he comes inside and eats soup by the fire.

thermoception

Tayla smokes marijuana. At first, just a few inhalations were enough to cloud her mind. Over time, she needs to smoke more and more to achieve the same affect. This is an example of ________.

tolerance

_______ occurs when a drug user requires more and more of a given drug in order to experience the same effects of the drug.

tolerance

Your ears receive sound waves and convert this energy into neural messages that travel to your brain and are processed as sounds. This is an example of ________.

transduction

Which taste is associated with monosodium glutamate?

umami

Mohammed is sleeping. His eyelids are quivering because his eyes are darting around. Mohammed is probably experiencing ________ sleep.

REM

Which theorist describes dreams as having manifest and latent content?

Sigmund Freud

just noticeable

Which of the following describes the difference in stimuli required to detect a difference between the stimuli?

Suppose you are watching a movie on a large screen. For a fraction of a second, the words "Drink Cola" flash on the screen. You do not perceive the words "Drink Cola" because it is beyond your absolute threshold. In this example, the message "Drink Cola" is an example of ________.

a subliminal message

________ refers to the minimum amount of stimulus energy required to be detected 50% of the time.

absolute threshold

Sariah enters a room with several chirping crickets in it. Upon first entering the room, Sariah can hear the chirping; however, as she begins to talk to her friends, she is no longer aware of the chirping even though it is still there. The fact that Sariah no longer perceives the chirping sound demonstrates sensory ________.

adaptation

Akeelah extended her arm in front of her and then extended one of her fingers. She focused on that finger. Next, she closed her left eye without moving her head; then she opened her left eye and closed her right eye without moving her head. She noticed that her finger seemed to shift as she alternated between the two eyes because of the slightly different view each eye had of her finger. What is illustrated by this example?

binocular disparity

What kind of processing is exemplified by the following scenario? Esther's mother offers her a new dish she's been working on―a raisin-jalapeno quiche. Esther's body responds first: Esther eyes the content of the skillet, and smells the mix of raisins, jalapenos, and eggs. Her stomach churns and she looks away. Feeling disgust and disappointment, she says "I'm not hungry."

bottom-up

Xi needs to stay awake another hour to study for his English final, so he drinks several cups of cola. When he's done studying, he finds that he can't sleep even though he wants to, he feels agitated, his muscles twitch, his heartbeat is irregular, and he feels nauseated. What is causing Xi to feel this way?

caffeine

________ is loss of muscle tone or control that is often associated with narcolepsy.

cataplexy

An individual may suffer from ________ if there is a disruption in the brain signals that are sent to the muscles that regulate breathing.

central sleep apnea

The _______________ receives messages from muscles, tendons, joints, and structures in our ear to control balance, coordination, movement, and motor skills.

cerebellum

Physical dependence on a drug is indicated by the user experiencing ________ as a result of discontinuing use of the drug.

changes in normal bodily function

The sleep cycle is an example of a(n) ______________ rhythm.

circadian

_______ cycles occur roughly once every 24 hours.

circadian

Our tendency to perceive things as complete objects rather than as a series of parts is known as the principle of _______

closure

Petra walks into a brightly lit Psychology lab to participate in an experiment involving the ability to perceive the colors of the rainbow. Which photoreceptors will be most useful during this experiment?

cones

_______ operate best under bright light conditions.

cones

Alcohol is considered a ________ because it tends to suppress central nervous system activity.

depressant

Cocaine blocks the reuptake of _______

dopamine

_____________ is a neurotransmitter involved in mood, reward, addiction, and motor behavior.

dopamine

According to the dissociation view of hypnosis, hypnosis is ________.

effectively a dissociated state of consciousness

Which psychological perspective might advance the argument that our sleep patterns evolved as an adaptive response to predatory risks, which are higher during periods of darkness?

evolutionary

The main point of focus in a visual display is known as the

figure

The ________ is a small indentation of the retina that contains cones.

fovea

______ serve as sensory receptors for temperature and pain stimuli.

free nerve endings

According to the law of ________, we are more likely to perceive smoothly flowing lines rather than choppy or jagged lines.

good continuation

Mescaline is considered a ________ drug because it results in profound alterations in sensory and perceptual experiences.

hallucinogenic

Hair cells located near the base of the basilar membrane respond best to ________ sounds.

high-frequency

________-frequency sound waves are perceived as high-pitched sounds, while ________-frequency sound waves are perceived as low-pitched sounds.

high; low

________ amplitudes are associated with ________ sounds.

higher; louder

What is described by the concept of perception?

how sensory information is interpreted and consciously experienced

Research suggests that cognitive processes, such as learning, may be affected by ______

hypnosis

________ is most effective in individuals that are very open to the power of suggestion.

hypnosis

While ________ is generally achieved through the interaction of a therapist and the person being treated, an individual can perform ________ alone.

hypnosis; medication

The body's biological clock is located in the ______

hypothalamus

The ________ plays a role in controlling slow-wave sleep.

hypothalamus thalamus

The ________ content of a dream refers to the true meaning of the dream.

latent

The three ossicles of the middle ear are known as _______

malleus, incus, and stapes hammer, anvil, and stirrup

_______ has its roots in religious practice.

meditation

Jennifer has been depressed for several months, and she decided to take an overdose of sleeping pills. After taking the pills, her breathing rate decreased dramatically, her heart slowed down, and her blood pressure decreased. Which brain structure is he drug acting on?

medulla

________ is a hormone secreted by the pineal gland that plays a role in regulating biological rhythms and immune function.

melatonin

Samek was driving to work when he suddenly felt paralyzed and couldn't resist falling asleep. Samek may have ________.

narcolepsy

The most common treatment for ________ involves the use of amphetamine-like medications.

narcolepsy

Which nerve carries visual information from the retina to the brain?

optic

Meditation may be helpful in ___

pain management stress control

The social cognitive theory of hypnosis suggests that ________.

people in hypnotic states are performing the social role of a hypnotized person.

_______ occurs when sensory information is organized, interpreted, and consciously experienced.

perception

________ refers to the way that sensory information is interpreted and consciously experienced; ________ refers to what happens when sensory information is detected by a sensory receptor.

perception; sensation

According to the principle of ________, objects that occur close to one another tend to be grouped together.

proximity

Tariq depends on cigarettes to relieve his stress, though he smokes so infrequently that he experiences no significant, noticeable physical symptoms when he is not smoking. What does this exemplify?

psychological dependence

____ refers to drug craving.

psychological dependence

The electromagnetic spectrum includes _______

radio waves x-rays infrared light

If you were to stare at a green dot for a relatively long period of time and then shift your gaze to a blank white screen, you would see a ________ negative afterimage.

red

Which of the following is involved in maintaining balance and body posture?

vestibular system

Which of the following correctly matches the pattern in our perception of color as we move from short wavelengths to long wavelengths?

yellow to orange to red

In addition to sweet, salty, sour, and bitter, what other taste groupings do we possess?

umami and fat content

Wesley is in a movie theater with no windows—the only light is low illumination from the emergency lights on the floor. Which photoreceptors will be most useful to Wesley as he attempts to leave the theater?

rods

LSD affects ________ neurotransmission.

serotonin

Catherine is at a crowded baseball game when she loses track of her son, Nick. Despite the loud cheering and noise of the crowd, she can pinpoint his location when he calls for her because she can distinguish the sound of his voice from the all the other voices. This illustrates ________ theory.

signal detection

_______ appears to be especially important for enhanced performance on recently learned tasks.

slow wave sleep

Which of the following exemplifies olfaction?

smelling cookies in the oven

Sleep spindles and K-complexes are most often associated with ________ sleep.

stage 2

________ is(are) described as slow-wave sleep.

stage 3 and stage 4

Cocaine is considered a ________ drug because it tends to increase overall levels of neural activity.

stimulant

Which of the following exemplifies gustation?

tasting freshly caught salmon

The quality of a sound that is affected by frequency, amplitude, and timing of the sound wave is known as ________

timbre

______ involves the conversion of sensory stimulus energy into neural impulses.

transduction