Chapter 4/5 Psychology 101
Which field of psychology includes the following concepts: figure-ground relationship, law of continuity, and principle of closure?
Gestalt
_____ is one way in which people can help reset their biological clocks.
Light-dark exposure
Two lines appear to be a different length, though in reality they are the same length. This is known as the ________ illusion.
Müller-Lyer
The audible range for humans is ________
20-20,000 Hz
The visible spectrum includes light that ranges from about ________
400-700 nm
Cues that require two ears are referred to as ________ cues.
binaural
______ depth cues require the use of both eyes.
binocular
________ disparity refers to the slightly different view of the world that each eye receives.
binocular
Hearing aids might be effective for treating _____
conductive hearing loss
Melatonin release is stimulated by ________ and inhibited by ________.
darkness; light
Symptoms of ________ may be improved by REM deprivation.
depression
Which of the following is a symptom of REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD)?
kicking and punching while asleep
In a normal-sighted individual, the ________ will focus images perfectly on a small indentation in the back of the eye known as the ________.
lens; fovea
Cataplexy is a symptom associated with ________.
narcolepsy
Felicia smacks her thumb with a hammer while building a doghouse. The sense of ________ provides her brain with information about the pain she feels.
nociception
Morphine is considered a(n) ________ drug because it decreases pain.
opioid
Chemical messages often sent between two members of a species to communicate something about reproductive status are called ______
pheromones
Growth hormone is secreted by the ________ while we sleep.
pituitary gland
Decreased sensitivity to an unchanging stimulus is known as ________
sensory adaptation
________ occurs when there is a chronic deficiency in sleep.
sleep debt
Which of the following statements about sleep deprivation is false?
sleep deprivation often results in ADHD.
Crack is considered more addictive than cocaine because it is ________.
smokable, so it reaches the brain more quickly
________ is exemplified by stroking the hand of another person.
somatosensation
________ is another word for sleepwalking.
somnambulism
What is amplitude?
the height of a wave
Due to his sense of ________, Abraham knows he is cold when he is outside during a blizzard, and he knows he is hot after he comes inside and eats soup by the fire.
thermoception
Tayla smokes marijuana. At first, just a few inhalations were enough to cloud her mind. Over time, she needs to smoke more and more to achieve the same affect. This is an example of ________.
tolerance
_______ occurs when a drug user requires more and more of a given drug in order to experience the same effects of the drug.
tolerance
Your ears receive sound waves and convert this energy into neural messages that travel to your brain and are processed as sounds. This is an example of ________.
transduction
Which taste is associated with monosodium glutamate?
umami
Mohammed is sleeping. His eyelids are quivering because his eyes are darting around. Mohammed is probably experiencing ________ sleep.
REM
Which theorist describes dreams as having manifest and latent content?
Sigmund Freud
just noticeable
Which of the following describes the difference in stimuli required to detect a difference between the stimuli?
Suppose you are watching a movie on a large screen. For a fraction of a second, the words "Drink Cola" flash on the screen. You do not perceive the words "Drink Cola" because it is beyond your absolute threshold. In this example, the message "Drink Cola" is an example of ________.
a subliminal message
________ refers to the minimum amount of stimulus energy required to be detected 50% of the time.
absolute threshold
Sariah enters a room with several chirping crickets in it. Upon first entering the room, Sariah can hear the chirping; however, as she begins to talk to her friends, she is no longer aware of the chirping even though it is still there. The fact that Sariah no longer perceives the chirping sound demonstrates sensory ________.
adaptation
Akeelah extended her arm in front of her and then extended one of her fingers. She focused on that finger. Next, she closed her left eye without moving her head; then she opened her left eye and closed her right eye without moving her head. She noticed that her finger seemed to shift as she alternated between the two eyes because of the slightly different view each eye had of her finger. What is illustrated by this example?
binocular disparity
What kind of processing is exemplified by the following scenario? Esther's mother offers her a new dish she's been working on―a raisin-jalapeno quiche. Esther's body responds first: Esther eyes the content of the skillet, and smells the mix of raisins, jalapenos, and eggs. Her stomach churns and she looks away. Feeling disgust and disappointment, she says "I'm not hungry."
bottom-up
Xi needs to stay awake another hour to study for his English final, so he drinks several cups of cola. When he's done studying, he finds that he can't sleep even though he wants to, he feels agitated, his muscles twitch, his heartbeat is irregular, and he feels nauseated. What is causing Xi to feel this way?
caffeine
________ is loss of muscle tone or control that is often associated with narcolepsy.
cataplexy
An individual may suffer from ________ if there is a disruption in the brain signals that are sent to the muscles that regulate breathing.
central sleep apnea
The _______________ receives messages from muscles, tendons, joints, and structures in our ear to control balance, coordination, movement, and motor skills.
cerebellum
Physical dependence on a drug is indicated by the user experiencing ________ as a result of discontinuing use of the drug.
changes in normal bodily function
The sleep cycle is an example of a(n) ______________ rhythm.
circadian
_______ cycles occur roughly once every 24 hours.
circadian
Our tendency to perceive things as complete objects rather than as a series of parts is known as the principle of _______
closure
Petra walks into a brightly lit Psychology lab to participate in an experiment involving the ability to perceive the colors of the rainbow. Which photoreceptors will be most useful during this experiment?
cones
_______ operate best under bright light conditions.
cones
Alcohol is considered a ________ because it tends to suppress central nervous system activity.
depressant
Cocaine blocks the reuptake of _______
dopamine
_____________ is a neurotransmitter involved in mood, reward, addiction, and motor behavior.
dopamine
According to the dissociation view of hypnosis, hypnosis is ________.
effectively a dissociated state of consciousness
Which psychological perspective might advance the argument that our sleep patterns evolved as an adaptive response to predatory risks, which are higher during periods of darkness?
evolutionary
The main point of focus in a visual display is known as the
figure
The ________ is a small indentation of the retina that contains cones.
fovea
______ serve as sensory receptors for temperature and pain stimuli.
free nerve endings
According to the law of ________, we are more likely to perceive smoothly flowing lines rather than choppy or jagged lines.
good continuation
Mescaline is considered a ________ drug because it results in profound alterations in sensory and perceptual experiences.
hallucinogenic
Hair cells located near the base of the basilar membrane respond best to ________ sounds.
high-frequency
________-frequency sound waves are perceived as high-pitched sounds, while ________-frequency sound waves are perceived as low-pitched sounds.
high; low
________ amplitudes are associated with ________ sounds.
higher; louder
What is described by the concept of perception?
how sensory information is interpreted and consciously experienced
Research suggests that cognitive processes, such as learning, may be affected by ______
hypnosis
________ is most effective in individuals that are very open to the power of suggestion.
hypnosis
While ________ is generally achieved through the interaction of a therapist and the person being treated, an individual can perform ________ alone.
hypnosis; medication
The body's biological clock is located in the ______
hypothalamus
The ________ plays a role in controlling slow-wave sleep.
hypothalamus thalamus
The ________ content of a dream refers to the true meaning of the dream.
latent
The three ossicles of the middle ear are known as _______
malleus, incus, and stapes hammer, anvil, and stirrup
_______ has its roots in religious practice.
meditation
Jennifer has been depressed for several months, and she decided to take an overdose of sleeping pills. After taking the pills, her breathing rate decreased dramatically, her heart slowed down, and her blood pressure decreased. Which brain structure is he drug acting on?
medulla
________ is a hormone secreted by the pineal gland that plays a role in regulating biological rhythms and immune function.
melatonin
Samek was driving to work when he suddenly felt paralyzed and couldn't resist falling asleep. Samek may have ________.
narcolepsy
The most common treatment for ________ involves the use of amphetamine-like medications.
narcolepsy
Which nerve carries visual information from the retina to the brain?
optic
Meditation may be helpful in ___
pain management stress control
The social cognitive theory of hypnosis suggests that ________.
people in hypnotic states are performing the social role of a hypnotized person.
_______ occurs when sensory information is organized, interpreted, and consciously experienced.
perception
________ refers to the way that sensory information is interpreted and consciously experienced; ________ refers to what happens when sensory information is detected by a sensory receptor.
perception; sensation
According to the principle of ________, objects that occur close to one another tend to be grouped together.
proximity
Tariq depends on cigarettes to relieve his stress, though he smokes so infrequently that he experiences no significant, noticeable physical symptoms when he is not smoking. What does this exemplify?
psychological dependence
____ refers to drug craving.
psychological dependence
The electromagnetic spectrum includes _______
radio waves x-rays infrared light
If you were to stare at a green dot for a relatively long period of time and then shift your gaze to a blank white screen, you would see a ________ negative afterimage.
red
Which of the following is involved in maintaining balance and body posture?
vestibular system
Which of the following correctly matches the pattern in our perception of color as we move from short wavelengths to long wavelengths?
yellow to orange to red
In addition to sweet, salty, sour, and bitter, what other taste groupings do we possess?
umami and fat content
Wesley is in a movie theater with no windows—the only light is low illumination from the emergency lights on the floor. Which photoreceptors will be most useful to Wesley as he attempts to leave the theater?
rods
LSD affects ________ neurotransmission.
serotonin
Catherine is at a crowded baseball game when she loses track of her son, Nick. Despite the loud cheering and noise of the crowd, she can pinpoint his location when he calls for her because she can distinguish the sound of his voice from the all the other voices. This illustrates ________ theory.
signal detection
_______ appears to be especially important for enhanced performance on recently learned tasks.
slow wave sleep
Which of the following exemplifies olfaction?
smelling cookies in the oven
Sleep spindles and K-complexes are most often associated with ________ sleep.
stage 2
________ is(are) described as slow-wave sleep.
stage 3 and stage 4
Cocaine is considered a ________ drug because it tends to increase overall levels of neural activity.
stimulant
Which of the following exemplifies gustation?
tasting freshly caught salmon
The quality of a sound that is affected by frequency, amplitude, and timing of the sound wave is known as ________
timbre
______ involves the conversion of sensory stimulus energy into neural impulses.
transduction
