Ap Psych Chapter 4-5 Test Answers
The psychologist who disagreed with Spearman about the nature of intelligence, identifying seven clusters of primary mental abilities rather than one general intelligence factor was
LL Thurstone
Every day as she walks to school, Mamie passes a mural painted on the side of a building. However, when asked she says she does not remember ever seeing it. Which is the best explanation for this?
Lack of Attention
Proactive and Retroactive interference contribute most strongly to the
Serial Position Effect
A general intelligence that underlies successful performance on a wide variety of tasks
Spearman's g factor
The most crucial ingredient in all learning is
Experience
Some people are unable to arrange six matches to form four equilateral triangles because they fail to consider a 3D arrangement. This best illustrates the effects of _________ on a problem
Fixation
The inability to take a new perceptive in a problem is called
Fixation
Which of the following behaviors is typically reinforced on a variable ratio schedule?
Inserting coins into a slot machine
Jamille performs better on foreign language vocal tests if she studies the material 15 minutes every day for 8 days than if she crams for 2 hours the night before the test. This illustrates what is known as
The Spacing Effect
Iconic Memory is to Echoic Memory as _______ is to _______
Visual Stimulation, Auditory Stimulation
Hermann Ebbinghaus' use of nonsense syllables to study memory led to discovery that
Amount remembered = time spent learning
An unwillingness to give up our beliefs even when the evidence proves us wrong is called
Belief Perseverance
Despite overwhelming and highly publicized evidence that Senator McEwan was guilty of serious political corruption and misconduct, many who had supported her in past elections remained convinced of her political integrity. Their reaction best illustrates
Belief Perseverance
The infant Albert developed a fear or rats after a white rat was associated with a loud noise. In this example, fear of the white rat was the
CR
The organization of information into meaningful units is called
Chunking
The use of acronyms to improve one's memory of unfamiliar material best illustrates the value of
Chunking
Pets who learn that the sound of an electric can opener signals the arrival of their food illustrate
Classical Conditioning
Which term refers to all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing remembering, and communicating?
Cognition
Professor Pegler's research efforts focus on how the use of heuristics influences the way people assess financial risks. Which specialty area does his research best represent?
Cognitive Psychology
When we use "automobile" to refer to a category of transport, we are using this word as a
Concept
The "psychic secretions" that interfered with Pavlov's experiments on digestion were
Conditioned Responses
A real estate agent showed Gavin several pictures of lakeshore property while they were eating a delicious, mouth-watering meal. Later, when Gavin was given a tour of the property, he drooled with delight. For Gavin, the lakeshore property was a
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Because she believes that boys are naughtier than girls, Mrs. Zumpano, a second grade teacher watches boys more closely than she watches girls for any signs of misbehavior. Mrs. Zumpano's surveillance strategy best illustrates
Confirmation Bias
People have a tendency to search for information that supports heir preconceptions. What do psychologists call this tendency?
Confirmation Bias
Walking into your bedroom you think "I need to get my backpack in the kitchen." When you reach the kitchen you forget what you came there for. A you return to your bedroom too suddenly remember it was backpack. This sudden recall is best explained by
Context Effects
Robert Sternberg distinguished among analytical, practical, and ______ intelligence
Creative
Jacqueline is sexually aroused by the sight of her handsome boyfriend but not by the sigh of her equally handsome brother. This best illustrates the value of
Discrimination
Sounds and words that are not immediately attend to can still be recalled a couple of seconds later because of our ______ memory
Echoic
In very stressful or embarrassing situations, Sanura is able to maintain her poise and help others to feel comfortable. Sandra's ability best illustrates the value of
Emotional Intelligence
Predicting accurately when feelings are about to change is one component of what
Emotional Intelligence
When Andy becomes upset about getting a poor grade, he typically fails to realize that he feels scared. This lack of self-insight best illustrates an inadequate level of
Emotional Intelligence
The process of getting information into memory is called
Encoding
The inability to recall which numbers on a telephone dial are not accompanied by letters is most likely due to
Encoding Failure
Patients who have experienced brain damage may be unable to form new personal memories but are able to learn to do jigsaw puzzles, without awareness of having learned them. This suggests that
Explicit Memory affected not Implicit
A television ad for lotion that claims it is made of 75$ organic materials instead of 25 percent artificial ingredients is a good example of what
Framing
Marlene forgot to bring a pillow on the camping trip, so she spent a very uncomfortable and restless night. Unfortunately, she never thought of using her down-filled jacket as a pillow. Marlene's oversight best illustrates
Function Fixedness
The characteristics of savant syndrome have been used to support
Gardner's argument for multiple intelligences
Investigators detected a tendency for those who excelled in one of Thurston's seven primary mental abilities to also demonstrate high levels of competence in other abilities. This provided some evidence of
General Intelligence
Dogs conditioned to salivate to stimulation of the thigh also begin to salivate when stimulated on other body parts. This BEST illustrates
Generalization
When 4 year old Michael hit his sister, his mom placed him in a timeout by having him in a time-out by having him stand in a corner for 4 minutes. A timeout is considered
Negative Punishment
Any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens there response is called
Negative Reinforcer
A chess-playing computer program that routinely calculates all possible outcomes of all possible game moves best illustrates problem solving by means of
Algorithm
The characteristics of savant syndrome most directly suggest that intelligence is
A diverse set of distinct abilities
In describing what he calls the seven sins of memory, Daniel Schacter suggests that encoding failure results from the sin of
Absent Mindedness
The written exam for a driver's license would most likely be considered a ________ test
Achievement
Encoding that occurs with no effort or a minimum level of conscious attention is known as
Automatic Processing
A single, memorable case of welfare fraud has a greater impact on estimates of the frequency of welfare abuse than do statistics showing that this case is actually the exception to the rule. This illustrates that judgements are influence by the
Availability Heuristic
A televised image of a starving child had a greater impact on Mr. White's perception of the extensiveness of world hunger than did a stat chart summarizing the tremendous scope of the problem. This suggests that his assessment of the world hunger problem is influenced by
Availability Heuristic
Our tendency to judge the likelihood of an event on the basis of how readily we can remember instances of its occurrence is called
Availability Heuristic
Many people underestimate the number of nonfatal heart attacks because they are not as memorable as fatal heart attacks. This illustrates the shortcoming of relying on
Availability Heuristics
Effortful Processing can occur only with
Conscious Attention
An executive in a computer software firm works with his office door closed. At the same time every hour he opens the door to see what his employees are doing. The employees have learned to work especially hard during the five minutes before and while the door is open. Their work pattern is typical of responses that are reinforced on a _________ schedule
Fixed Interval
Blake is a carpet installer who wants to be paid for each square foot of carpet he lays rather than with an hourly wage. Blake prefers working on a ________ schedule
Fixed Ratio
Coffee shops that reward customers with one free cup of coffee after every ten coffee purchases are using a ________ reinforcement schedule
Fixed Ratio
The relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the merry system is called
Long Term
Semantic Encoding refers to the processing of
Meanings
The persistence of learning through the storage and retrieval of information
Memory
A mnemonic device is a
Memory aid
Simple thinking strategies for solving problems quickly and efficiently
Heuristics
To save time in arriving at solutions to problems, use
Heuristics
In trying to figure out how to copy and pasta an item into a document, Arlene could try all possible key combos or she could check the pull down menus, a much faster way to do it. Arlene is relying on
Heurstics
Who is most likely to be criticized for extending the definition of intelligence to an overly broad range of talents?
Howard Gardner
Cerebellum is to _____ memory as hippocampus is to______
Implicit, Explicit
On the telephone, Dominic rattles off a list of 10 grocery items for Kyoto to bring home from the store. Immediately after hearing the list, Kyoto attempts to write down the items. She is most likely to forget the items
In the middle of the list
A sudden realization of the solution to a problem is called
Insight
After spending two hours trying to solve an engineering problem, Amira finally gave up. As she was trying to fall asleep that night, a solution to the problem popped into her head. Amira's experience best illustrates
Insight
The sudden comprehension of the double meaning of a humorous pun best illustrates
Insight
The ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations is known as
Intelligence
The chronological age that most typically corresponds to a given level of the intelligence test performance is called______ used by Binet
Mental Age
The tendency to approach a problem in a way that has been successful in the past
Mental Set
Compared with formerly depressed people, those who are currently depressed are more likely to recall their parents as rejecting and punitive. This best illustrates
Mood Congruent Memories
In which form of learning is behavior said to be influenced by its consequences?
Operant Conditioning
Seals in the aquarium will repeat behaviors, such as slapping and barking, that prompt people to toss them a herring. This best illustrates
Operant Conditioning
Voluntary best describes what type of learning
Operant Conditioning
Robert was late for school, so he parked in a space reserved for teachers. Later, when he went to get his car, he noticed a yellow parking ticket under the windshield wiper. The parking ticket would be considered
Positive Punishment
Every Saturday morning, Arnold quickly washes the family's breakfast dishes so his father will allow him to wash his car. In this instance, washing the car is a
Positive Reinforcer
Receiving delicious food is to escaping electric shock as ________ is to _________
Positive reinforcer, Negative reinforcer
The removal of electric shock is to the receipt of good grades as _____ is to _____
Primary reinforcer, conditioned reinforcer
Watching a TV soap opera involving marital conflict and divorce led Andrea to recall several instances in which her husband ha mistreated her. The effect of the TV program on Andrea's recall is an example of
Priming
The disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information is called
Proactive Interference
In the process of classifying objects, people are especially likely to make use of
Prototype
People are likely to take less time to recognize a woman as a nurse than a man as a nurse because a woman more closely resembles their nurse
Prototype
When someone mentions Ivy League colleges, Trisha immediately thinks of Harvard University. In this instance, Harvard is a
Prototype
Ebbinghaus discovered that the rate at which we forget newly learned information is initially
Rapid and subsequently slows down
In an effort to remember how to spell rhinoceros, Samantha spells the word aloud 30 times. She is using a technique known as
Rehearsal
The introduction of a pleasant stimulus is to ______ as the withdrawal of a pleasant stimulus is to _________
Reinforcement, Punishment
The high positive correlations between scores received on comparable sections of the SAT and GRE provide evidence for the _______ of these test scores
Reliability
A test is ______ if it yields consistent results
Reliable
Judging the likelihood of a category membership by how closely an object or event resembles a particular prototype is making use of what
Representativenss Heuristic
Miss Jan de Jong is orderly, neat, fairly quiet, and shy. She enjoys reading in her spare time and belongs to a social club that includes three librarians, nine real estate agents, and eight social workers. A tendency to conclude that Jan must be one of the 3 librarians would illustrate the powerful influence of
Representativenss Heuristic
The process of getting information out of memory is called
Retrieval
After learning the combination for his new locker at school, Milton is unable to remember the combination for his year old bicycle lock. Milton is experiencing the effects of
Retroactive Interference
Recalling the pleasurable high points of an experience while forgetting its more mundane moments helps explain
Rosy Retrospection
Rephrasing text materials in your own words is an effective way of facilitating
Semantic Encoding
Word meaning is to word order as _______ is to _______
Semantics, Syntax
Some information in our fleeting _____ is encoded into short term memory
Sensory Memory
Skinner developed a behavioral technology that included a procedure known as
Shaping
"The magical number seven, plus or minus two" refers to the storage capacity of ________ memory
Short Term
Your consciously activated but limited capacity memory is called ________ memory
Short Term
Reappearence, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response
Spontaneous Recovery
Selma, a fifth grader who solves complicated mathematical problems in record time best illustrates what
Sternberg's concept of analytical intelligence
Cats received a fish reward whenever they maneuvered themselves out of an enclosed puzzle box. With successive trials, the cats escaped from the box with increasing speed. this illustrates
The Law of Effect
In Aldous Huxley's Brave New World, infants develop a fear of books after books are repeatedly presented with a loud noise. In this fictional example, the loud noise is a
Unconditioned Stimulus
On the first day of class, aProfessor Wallace tells her geography students that pop quizzes will be given at unpredictable times throughout the semester. Clearly, studying for the surprise quizzes will be reinforced on a _________ schedule
Variable Interval
Watching the night sky for shooting stars is likely to be reinforced on a ___ schedule
Variable Interval
The WAIS consists of separate _______ subtests
Verbal and Performance
22 year old Bernie takes a test that measures such diverse abilities as digit span, vocabulary, and object assembly. Bernie has completed the
WAIS
