Chapter 5
Heroin depletes the neurotransmitter
dopamine
In 2006, ____ mixed with and sold as heroin was responsible for killing hundreds of people in cities from Chicago to Philadelphia
fentanyl
There are four different effects of heroin: the rush, the ____, the nod, and being straight
high
Analogs designed by underground chemists are known as ______.
designer drugs
Ingested intravenously, heroin has a _____ second onset
10
There are approximately ___ annual prescription painkiller overdose fatalities
19,000
Heroin has been banned in the United States since ____.
1924
There are about _____ derivatives of barbituric acid
2,500
3-methyl fentanyl is approximately ____ times as potent as morphine
3,000
The DEA reports that more than _____ tons of opium or its equivalent in poppy straw concentrate are legally imported each year into the United States
500
______ often carry a gene that makes them physically ill and flushed before they can consume an addicting amount of alcohol
Asians
_____ enable the organism to deal with "psychological pain," stress, by curbing an autonomic overreaction and producing calm
Endorphines
________ compounds are often sold as "China White," the street name for the finest Southeast Asian heroin, to addicts who cannot tell the difference
Fentanyl
________ was part of a class of drugs introduced as barbiturate substitute in the belief that they would be safer
Methaqualone
Oxycodone is the active ingredient of ____, and also found in medications such as Percodan and Tylox
OxyContin's
_________ is a synthetic version of morphine prescribed for chronic or long-lasting pain
Oxycodone
The liver converts alcohol to _____, which in high levels causes permanent liver damage
acetaldehyde
Chronic ___________ use leads to cirrhosis of the liver, damage to the heart muscle and nerve damage.
alcohol
Endorphin's enable organisms to deal with psychological stress by ____.
all of these
Unlike other drugs of abuse, alcohol _____.
all of these
Chemical variations of drugs are referred to as
analogs
Since passage of the Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1986, all _____ of controlled substances have themselves become controlled substances
analogs
Common short-term effects of _______ include drowsiness, dizziness, confusion, and mood swings.
benzodiazepine
Barbituates are classified ______
by the speed with which they metabolized
Regular use of moderate daily amounts of alcohol
can produce psychological dependence
Physicians often use the less addictive drug __________ to relieve heroin withdrawal symptoms.
clonidine
Genetic factors _________
influence the development of alcoholism, but do not directly cause it
Rohypnol, although not approved for use in the United States, is prescribed in about seventy countries for the short-term treatment of ____.
insomnia
Barbiturates are often used for their ____ effects.
intoxicating
Benzodiazepines are referred to pharmacologically as ___
sedative-hypnotics
Because heroin is illegal, there is no way for the user to determine the level of ___.
opium
Alcohol ______
reinforces GABA activity while reducing NMDA activity
Most long-term alcoholics suffer from Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome, deficiency in:
thiamine (vitamin B1)
Approximately ____ adult Americans Consume alcohol
three out of every four
Identical twins are about _______ as likely as fraternal twins to resemble each other in terms of the presence of alcoholism
twice
