chapter 5

In determining that it was unconstitutional to reserve 10 percent of federally funded construction projects for minority-owned firms (Adarand v. Peña), the Supreme Court used what part of the test it applies to affirmative action cases?

"narrowly tailored"

How many Asian Americans currently serve in Congress?

12

In which year did the Supreme Court rule that forced busing violated student's constitutional right to equal protection under the law?

2007

Of the 500 largest U.S. corporations, about ______ percent are headed by women.

7

Despite the Court's ruling in Brown v. Board of Education in 1954, by the 1970s ______ percent of black children were still attending schools that were mostly or entirely black.

95

Which of the following are examples of de jure discrimination?

A state requires separate public bathrooms for black and white people. Women are not allowed to vote in federal elections.

Which of the following was the 1954 landmark case that ended segregation in public schools?

Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka

Which of the following accurately describes Native Americans today?

Casino gambling has raised Native Americans' average income level, but it is still far below the national average. They are less than half as likely as other Americans to have completed college.

Who was the first woman to run on the national ticket of a major political party?

Geraldine Ferraro

What sociologist authored the book An American Dilemma?

Gunnar Myrdal

How did Thomas Jefferson define the meaning of "all men are created equal"?

He did not believe there was a precise meaning.

In 1968 Congress passed a law, the ______, that granted Native Americans constitutional rights similar to those held by other Americans.

Indian Bill of Rights

Which of the following Hispanic politicians were top contenders for the Republican presidential nomination?

Marco Rubio ted cruz

Which of the following minority groups make up the largest Hispanic population in the United States?

Mexicans

Which of the following statements about African American children in the United States is true?

More than half grow up in a single-parent family.

Which 2015 Supreme Court decision removed the ban on same-sex marriage, citing it violated the Fourteenth Amendment's equal protection and due process clauses?

Obergefell v. Hodges

What is at the heart of many civil rights struggles for equality in the United States?

People hold deep-seated prejudices based on such things as race, color, and religion.

What president appointed the first woman to the Supreme Court?

Ronald Reagan

In which 2013 case did the Supreme Court invalidate Section 5 of the Voting Rights Act that included the formula for determining which states and counties were subject to federal oversight?

Shelby v. Holder

Following the Supreme Court's ruling in Brown v. Board of Education, a number of southern congressmen wrote a letter titled the ______, urging state governments to "resist forced integration by any lawful means."

Southern Manifesto

Which of the following are true about women's equality in the workplace?

The average pay for women workers is only 80 percent of the amount earned by male workers. Jobs traditionally held by women pay less than many of the jobs traditionally held by men.

Which is an accurate representation of the Hispanic population in the United States?

The majority are immigrants from Mexico and the Caribbean islands. Their numbers have more than doubled in the past twenty years.

What Sioux village has been the site of both a U.S. cavalry massacre of Native Americans and a modern protest?

Wounded Knee

The largest recent Hispanic demonstrations in the U.S. have been in reaction to

a bill passed by the House that would have led to the arrest and deportation of millions of undocumented immigrants.

As part of what movement did advocates for women's suffrage (voting rights) become active on a large scale?

abolitionist movement

Which policy required the federal government to begin implementing measures aimed at reinforcing equal access to employment by mandating recruitment procedures that gave qualified minority workers an equal opportunity to gain government jobs?

affirmative action

Asian Americans are more likely than other minority groups to

be college educated. have a high median income.

In order for an affirmative action program to be upheld as constitutional, the Supreme Court requires that government prove what kind of interest?

compelling

The type of discrimination in which traditionally disadvantaged groups have fewer opportunities because of prejudice despite legal protections is

de facto discrimination.

Serving the United States in the fight against Nazism in World War II led African American soldiers to

demand their civil rights.

Which clause of the U.S. Constitution was at the center of the argument in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka?

equal-protection clause

Although many Americans believe that the concept of ______ includes such things as access to jobs and health care, others argue that it means only that people are all treated the same under the law.

equality

What accounts for the fact that Hispanics are healthier and have a longer life expectancy than would be predicted based on their education and income levels?

family structure

In Rostker v. Goldberg (1980) the Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of ____________________ classifications even though such classification need to be scrutinized more closely than classifications by age or income.

gender

The promise made by the phrase "all men are created equal" has done which of the following?

inspired a hope for eventual equality been foundational in legal decisions given moral strength to diverse movements

In general, the Supreme Court has held that gender discrimination in law

is almost always unconstitutional.

Which legal test gives government considerable leeway in treating people differently, such as imposing a higher tax rate on upper-income Americans?

reasonable-basis test

At one time, banks engaged in a practice known as ______, refusing to grant mortgage loans to people who lived in certain neighborhoods, especially those neighborhoods with large black populations.

redlining

In a 1947 case, the Supreme Court ruled that because they had no law school for black students, the University of Oklahoma was ______ to admit Ada Sipuel to its law school.

required

Rioting broke out in 1957 during

the desegregation of Little Rock Central High School.

Concerning age discrimination in employment, the courts have given employers the right to force individuals to retire based on

the nature of the job. the performance of a particular employee.

Which of the following are rights gays and lesbians had to fight for in the U.S.?

the right to have the same benefits as traditional couples the right to openly enlist in the military

True or false: Following the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, many restaurants, hotels, and other establishments still refused to serve black customers.

true

In what area of civil rights were Asian Americans particularly active in the 1960s?

voting rights

In 1892, Congress suspended Asian immigration to the United States on the grounds that Asians

were an inferior people.

The Supreme Court decision in what case led many affirmative action opponents to believe that the Court may have been on its way to abolishing affirmative action completely?

Adarand v. Peña

What was the first result of the national boycott of California lettuce and grapes that was launched by Cesar Chavez?

California passed a law giving migrant workers the right to bargain collectively.

Which proposed amendment to the Constitution was passed by the Congress in 1971 but failed to receive the necessary three-fourths majority?

Equal Rights Amendment

What action did President Eisenhower take during the desegregation of Little Rock Central High School?

He federalized the Arkansas National Guard.

What did the Voting Rights Act of 1965 entail?

It banned discriminatory voter registration practices. It allowed federal intervention in voter registration in states with a history of discriminating against black voters.

Which of the following statements about the Americans with Disabilities Act are true?

It grants certain employment protections to persons with disabilities. It requires government agencies to take steps to make their buildings accessible to persons with disabilities.

Since the 1950s, how has the federal government responded to demands for equal rights for African Americans?

It passed a series of laws that secured fundamental rights for African Americans.

Which landmark Supreme Court case declared affirmative action constitutional but invalidated the use of racial quotas?

Regents of the University of California v. Bakke

Which of the following is an ongoing struggle between state governments and Native American tribal governments?

States want to control casino gambling on Native American reservations.

The Supreme Court ruled that the forced busing of children for the purpose of achieving racially integrated schools was constitutional in

Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg County.

In 1972, Native Americans organized a caravan titled the ______ that journeyed from California to Washington, D.C., to protest federal policy.

Trail of Broken Treaties

The landmark case of Lau v. Nichols (1974) resulted in many states offering ______ education in their public schools.

bilingual

Which of the following tactics were used by Martin Luther King Jr. in his leadership of the civil rights movement?

boycotts marches in nonviolent protest

Native Americans were not considered to be ______ until 1924.

citizens

Which practices were banned as a result of the Civil Rights Act of 1968?

discriminatory practices in mortgage lending discriminatory real estate practices such as steering African American families to certain neighborhoods discriminatory practices in housing

What took the heaviest toll on the Native American population after white settlers arrived in what is now the U.S.?

disease

Affirmative action policies have been used by ______ to expand opportunities for women and minority group members.

educational institutions employers

Which of the following are included in the concept of equal rights, or civil rights?

equal access to public facilities the right of every person to equal protection under the law equal access to the opportunities society provides

The law refers to the rights of individuals; however,

groups more often fight for civil rights.

According to today's statistics, Asian Americans are underrepresented in which of the following areas?

holding the top position in corporations holding high-level political office

Hispanics in the U.S. are generally concentrated

in their states of entry.

The Supreme Court has stated that in order for an affirmative action program to be upheld, the program must be

narrowly tailored.

Which constitutional amendment granted women the right to vote?

nineteenth amendment

The preclearance provision of the Voting Rights Act states that designated states and counties must

obtain federal permission before making changes that might adversely affect a minority group.

Any law that treats individuals differently based on race is subject to the ______ test.

strict-scrutiny

According to the Supreme Court, laws that discriminate between people based on their race or ethnicity are laws that make use of

suspect classifications.

What are comparable worth policies?

those that give women and men equal hourly pay for jobs that require similar training and education

Which groups have historically lacked equality in the United States?

women Catholics Asian Americans

Which of the following best exemplifies the profound impact of the civil rights movement?

removing discrimination in voting requirements

What was the intention of the Plessy v. Ferguson ruling?

to maintain segregation while claiming equality

Which of the following accurately describes women and poverty?

Most single-parent families are headed by women and one-third of those live below the poverty line. Single-parent women who work in nonprofessional fields are particularly vulnerable to poverty. Many poor working women find that their wages cannot cover child-care expenses.

Despite the persisting issues of institutional racism, one area in which African Americans have made significant gains is in

winning elective office.

The Civil Rights Act of 1964 classified which of the following as legally protected groups?

women minorities

What demographic group is most likely to support same-sex marriage?

younger adults