Test one pt 2

A child in Stage 5 of Piaget's sensorimotor period is generally:

12 to 18 months old.

sequential (longitudinal/cross-sectional) studies

Cross-sectional studies done at several times with the same groups of individuals.

Failure to thrive infants are in the bottom __________ of height and weight measures.

3 percent

Eunji is eight years old and very small for his age. He was removed from his family's home because his parents neglected him. What is the chance that Eunji will have difficulty in school?

50 percent

__________ is the lifespan theorist most closely associated with the first interactionist approach.

Piaget

__________ proposed that children were "active instructors" in their worlds.

Piaget

Whereas the ________ acts as a moral compass, the ________ acts only on having needs met.

Superego; id

Natalie is worried about having a PET scan done. What would likely be the basis of her concern?

The amount of radioactive material that will be injected into her blood stream

social constructivism

The belief that children construct knowledge through social interactions.

constructivism

The belief that children create, organize, and transform knowledge through active engagement in their environment.

conservation

The understanding that an object retains certain properties even though surface features change.

How do neurons communicate with one another?

Via electrochemical signals

Zoe is getting prenatal testing at Dr. Parker's office. He performs a blood test to look for neural tube problems. What kind of prenatal test has Zoe had?

alpha-fetoprotein test

What kind of prenatal test involves inserting a needle through the woman's abdomen, piercing the amniotic sac, and withdrawing a sample of the amniotic fluid?

amniocentesis

18-month-old Evan is standing on a chair next to his mother. Evan says, "Up." What does Evan mean by this word?

any of these

Evan was playing with Kayla when she decided she wanted to play with the truck Evan had. Evan protested, but his mother told him to share. Evan smiled as he handed Kayla truck. Evan's smile may be interpreted as evidence that:

any of these

The theory that focuses on the continuity and change in one's environment is the

bioecological model.

When does a baby's smile indicate recognition of faces in a social context?

by the sixth week

The best way to maintain goodness of fit in a child-parent relationship is for the parents to:

change their expectations as the child's needs change.

Tai organizes a group of 5-year-olds, a group of 6-year-olds, and a group of 7-year-olds. He tests each group on the same measures so that he can look at the development of conservation in preoperational children. This type of study is a

cross-sectional design.

A chromosomal disorder producing a malfunction of the exocrine glands is

cystic fibrosis.

Five month old Evelyn has yet to establish a routine, reacts poorly to new situations, and cries intensely when she is startled. Evelyn would be classified as:

difficult.

Labor consists of three stages which occur in the following order:

dilation; expulsion; afterbirth.

Katie is 1years of age. She has learned that when she cries her mother comes. All of her needs are being met by her parents. Erikson would argue that she is being confronted with what stage of life crisis?

basic trust versus mistrust

When Luis is one year old, his brain will:

be about half the size of an adult brain.

A child classified by Chess and Thomas as having a difficult temperament would likely:

be fearful of a novel situation.

Maya would like to delay pregnancy, but she doesn't want to worry about the disorders associated with older ova. She decides to have her eggs harvested and stored for later use. How long will Maya's eggs be viable?

for years

Culturally defined expectations about how females and males should act are

gender roles

Our genetic information is contained in DNA, which is carried by the __________, which in turn make up the __________.

genes; chromosomes

Infant development that proceeds in a cephalocaudal fashion is going in a __________ direction.

head to foot

To aid in the prevention of SIDS, parents are encouraged to:

keep babies on their backs while sleeping.

The most familiar form of assisted reproductive technology is:

in vitro fertilization.

A potential treatment for Klinefelter's syndrome is:

injections of testosterone.

ntrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) is a fetal condition that is caused by

maternal smoking.

Bronfenbrenner visualized the environment as a set of nested systems, each inside the next. The relationship among microsystems, (for example, if your parents talk to your teachers regularly), makes up the

mesosystem.

Brianna is a "preemie" and is at risk for serious breathing problems, because her lungs are not sufficiently developed. Brianna is suffering from:

respiratory distress syndrome.

Emanuele knows that when temperatures drop, rain turns to snow and if temperatures warm, then snow melts. Emanuele is demonstrating:

reversibility.

Getting a speeding ticket is a

punishment.

The __________ is responsible for primary vision.

occipital lobe

Elena thinks that since her dog has four-legs, all four-legged animals are dogs. This demonstrates

overextensions.

"The Back to Sleep" campaign which encouraged parents to place their sleeping infants on their backs was designed to:

reduce the chance of SIDS.

Cell migration begins during the __________ week of development.

seventh

Ten-month-old Brooklyn is going to meet her aunt for the first time. Brooklyn has always been a friendly baby, but when her aunt tried to hold her, Brooklyn clung to her mother and began to whimper. Brooklyn is exhibiting:

stranger anxiety.

According to Freud, the part of the personality that acts as our conscience is the

superego.

When an egg and sperm unite, fertilization is complete and a __________ has been formed.

zygote.

Shaoqiang's parents are happy that he is healthy and fits into the typical weight and size of newborns. How long is Shaoqiang?

20 inches

The substance in the lungs that keeps the air sacs open is not produced in sufficient quantities by the fetus until the __________ week of gestation.

35th

Of those infants who develop failure-to-thrive, almost __________ will continue to experience behavioral, cognitive, and physical problems as they mature.

50 percent

Of the following, which has the least probability of occurring?

A female baby born with an XYY combination

Which of the following children would be considered to be ambivalently attached?

Allyson, who cries when her mother leaves, but seems to both seek and avoid contact upon her return

midwife

A woman trained in delivering babies; typically a nurse.

Which of the following individuals fits the description of "surrogate mother"?

A woman who carries another woman's embryo

Which of the following is true of a least restrictive environment?

Children in a least restrictive environment must be served by regular teachers rather than being placed in a special class if possible.

__________ are branchlike ends of neurons that receive and conduct the electrochemical signals between the cells.

Dendrites

__________ are any environmental agents that harm the embryo or fetus.

Teratogens

What is the significance of the double helix?

It is the structure of DNA when a chromosome unwinds in order to be replicated.

Which of the following children would be classified as slow-to-warm-up under the criterion established by Chess and Thomas?

Jacob, who exhibits low reactivity and is somewhat cranky

equilibration

Piaget's term to describe the balance between assimilation and accommodation.

__________ causes of failure to thrive include gastrointestinal and nervous diseases.

Organic

Which of the following is NOT one of Vygotsky's major propositions?

Peers are useful only because they cause disequilibrium.

Within five days after fertilization, humans go from being single-celled organisms to being a cluster of cells. At this point, the developing organism is called a

blastocyst.

The placenta has two separate sets of __________, one going to and from the mother, and the other traveling to and from the baby.

blood vessels

The __________ is important for the regulation of body functions.

brain stem

Infants are not passive observers; they actively process incoming stimuli. An infant who hears her father's voice will likely become more alert. The area of the brain directly responsible for this change in arousal level is located in the:

brain stem.

The portion of the brain that shows the greatest increases in growth and function during middle childhood is the:

climbing a jungle gym

scaffolding

The systematic use of support to assist a child in his or her performance on a given task.

Which of the following is true of dizygotic twins?

They are nonidentical and do not share the same DNA.

Which chromosomal disorder is related to the sex chromosomes?

Turner syndrome

Current research posits that there are multiple factors to consider in the evaluation of day care. It is not simply a matter of good or bad quality. Which of the following must be taken into account?

all of these

Of the following, which conditions are known to contribute to asthma?

all of these

Of the following, which is a factor in a child's development of obesity?

all of these

Stage 4 of the sensorimotor period occurs during:

ages 8 to 12 months.

The __________ criteria of Bjorklund's explanation of problem solving involves an assessment of the obstructions that may prevent completion of the task.

obstacles

Matt and Mike are identical twins. Thus, they:

share the same genotype.

The theory that argues we learn by observing others is

social learning.

As children progress though the sensorimotor period, they will have gained:

*all of these

Baby Hugo is going to the pediatrician for his 2 year old shots. When the nurse comes in with the syringe, Hugo begins to cry. Watson would argue this illustrates

***social learning/classical conditioning

At which point is it possible for a mother infected with AIDS to pass the virus on to her child?

*all of these During delivery During pregnancy While breast feeding

Of the following, which are reasons a mother should not breastfeed her child?

*all of these She has AIDS. She has tuberculosis. She is taking medication that may be passed on to the baby.

Of the following characteristics, which have been linked to early delivery of babies in the United States?

*all of these low socioeconomic status little education poverty

representation

A child's application of abstract thinking during the preoperational period.

hypothesis

A prediction that can be tested through research and subsequently supported or rejected.

Chika's parents do not wish to use medication for the disorder he has been diagnosed with, so they have implemented behavior modification to help Chika be less distracted and have changed his diet to limit some foods like sugar. Chika has likely been diagnosed with:

ADHD/ADD.

__________ is a disease caused by HIV, which can invade a newborn baby's immune system, making it vulnerable to infections.

AIDS

One of the first objective tests of intelligence was developed by __________ in the early 20th century.

Alfred Binet

Of the following, which is likely to influence whether a woman chooses to breastfeed or to use formula for her baby?

All of these

scientific method

An approach to investigation that includes empirical research, data collection, and testing.

positive reinforcement

An event that increases the likelihood of a desired response in the future.

negative reinforcement

An event that, when it ceases to occur, makes that response more likely to happen in the future.

lifespan development

An examination of the biological, cognitive/psychological, and social changes that occur over the course of a human life. This is one perspective in the broader psychology discipline.

Which of the following is NOT one of the criteria needed for problem solving to occur as posited by Bjorklund (2005)?

Argument formation

When is a child typically ready to begin to participate in toilet training?

Around 18 months of age

__________ refers to the simulation of human cognitive abilities by machines.

Artificial intelligence

grasping reflex

Automatic response in which an infant's fingers curl toward palm of hand when object or finger is placed in palm.

plantar reflex

Automatic response in which an infant's toes curl inward when pressure is placed on balls of feet.

Babinski reflex

Automatic response in which an infant's toes spread out in response to stroking the sole of the foot from heel to toes.

stepping reflex

Automatic response in which the neonate, held under the arms with feet touching a flat surface, makes stepping movements similar to actual walking.

breech birth

Birth in which the baby is born feet first, buttocks first, or in a crosswise position (transverse presentation).

When children are __________ months of age, they exhibit feelings of security and well being which enable them to explore with confidence.

12 to 18

In order to qualify as gifted, a child must have an IQ score above:

130.

Word spurt refers to the rapid acquisition of words that generally begins when the child is around __________ old.

18 months

The prevalence of FAS in the United States is estimated at approximately:

2 out of 1000 live births

About 1 in __________ children in the United States have cystic fibrosis.

2000

Human sex cells contain __________ chromosomes.

23

Humans have ________ pairs of chromosomes.

23

Human cells contain _________ pairs of chromosomes.

24

Approximately how long is sperm capable of fertilizing an egg following ejaculation?

24 to 48 hours

About how many babies of mothers who are infected with HIV develop AIDS?

25 percent

By the second trimester, the death rate of fetuses whose mothers have syphilis is: approximately.

25 percent.

By the second trimester, the death rate of fetuses whose mothers have syphilis is: approximately. Refer To: Syphilis

25 percent.

Women who are of normal weight should restrict their weight gain during pregnancy to:

25 to 35 pounds.

Riko had an undetected herpes infection when she gave birth to her baby. Although her baby lived, what are the chances that the baby may have some form of brain damage?

25%

The human genome contains approximately:

25,000 genes.

In 2004, how many countries ranked above the United States in rates of infant survival?

28

The amount of DNA humans have in common with chimpanzees is approximately:

98 to 99%.

The amount of DNA shared by human beings is approximately:

99%

theory

A belief or idea that develops based on information or evidence; a proposed explanation for observed phenomena.

information-processing theory

Cognitive theory that uses a computer metaphor to understand how the human mind processes information.

__________ refers to the ability to pronounce words correctly using knowledge of letters and sounds.

Decode

__________ occurs if a child is separated from their mother for more than a week and the child tends to become hopeless, crying monotonously, and to withdraw from potential caregivers.

Despair

__________ appears when an infant displays renewed interest in its surroundings after being separated from its primary caregiver, but is apathetic.

Detachment

Piaget and Vygotsky are in accord in which of the following assumptions?

Development occurs out of active interaction between the child and the environment.

Tahirah is crying loudly at being left alone in her crib. Tahirah is 2 months old. What emotion is she likely showing?

Distress

Alice just found out she is pregnant. This is her first pregnancy, and she is extremely excited to find out if the child she is carrying is a boy or a girl. How soon will she be able to know the child's sex?

During the third month

__________ is shown when a person sees the world from only their own point of view.

Egocentrism

__________ is the scientific field that stresses behavior is strongly influenced by biology and is linked to evolution.

Ethology

Lynne's ability to deal with novel tasks and to use pertinent information to problem-solve is based on her 10 years of counseling families in crisis. Lynne's ability exemplifies which aspect of Sternberg's theory?

Experiential

naturalistic experiments

Experiments in which the researcher acts solely as an observer and does as little as possible to disturb the environment. "Nature" performs the experiment, and the researcher acts as a recorder of the results.

manipulative experiments

Experiments in which the researcher attempts to keep all variables (all the factors that can affect a particular outcome) constant except one, which is carefully manipulated.

__________ refers to how well a child's9

Goodness of fit

Head Start

Government-supported early childhood program that provides education, health, and parenting education services to low-income families.

Max's head is one third of his body's length. What does this mean for Max?

His head is larger than most infants.

Moro reflex

Infant's automatic response to sudden change in position or unexpected movement; arms and legs flail out in back in toward chest and back arches.

Johnny is 4 months old and his older brother Gus is playing with him. Gus holds up a bright red ball for Johnny to look at, but after a couple of minutes Johnny stops looking and looks away when his brother attempts to capture his attention again with the ball. Johnny has:

Infantile amnesia

__________ refers to the inability to remember events from early in life.

Infantile amnesia

What occurs during the second stage of Piaget's sensorimotor period?

Infants repeat acts involving their bodies.

What are the two classes of teratogenic agents?

Infectious diseases and types of chemicals

__________ theorists propose that cognitive development is based on systems such as attention and memory.

Information processing

Of the following, what is a concern about the theory of multiple intelligences?

It is difficult to translate the results into information useful for acquiring funding.

Sarina has decided to have her baby in the hospital. She enlists a partner to coach her and help time contractions as well as provide emotional and physical support. Sarina has opted for a(n)

Lamaze coach.

sibling underworld

Familial subsystem, or coalition, of brothers and/or sisters.

__________ refers to children's use of surrounding context to understand words' meanings.

Fast mapping

As a young infant, Alex became very upset whenever he was exposed to new toys, blankets, or food. What would Kagan predict Alex to be like in early childhood?

Fearful and subdued

centration

Feature of preoperational thought; the centering of attention on one aspect of an object and the neglecting of any other features.

postpartum depression

Feelings of sadness and emotional withdrawal that continue for many weeks or months after delivery.

A disorder of the sex chromosomes that involves the condition rather than the number of the chromosomes is:

Fragile X syndrome

superego

Freud's concept of our conscience; internal determinant of right and wrong.

ego

Freud's notion of the central part of our personality; keeps id in check.

id

Freud's structure of mind relating to our basic instincts; strives to secure pleasure.

psychoanalytic theory

Freud's theory of the development of personality; emphasis on the role of the unconscious.

Which assisted reproduction process aims at promoting fertilization in an environment more similar to what happens naturally?

Gamete intrafallopian transfer

__________ is the researcher most closely associated with the study of infants' depth perception.

Gibson

Which of the following is an accurate statement about conclusions based on twin studies?

Similarities cannot be attributed to genetics exclusively, because the environment for identical twins is often more similar than for fraternal twins or siblings.

The _______________ theory of gender development suggests that parents reinforce gender-role behaviors by choosing gender specific toys, urging "boy" or "girl" behavior, and by reinforcing this behavior.

Social learning

___________ intelligence is the ability to think about and represent objects in three dimensions.

Spatial

Ten-year-old Sarah is sitting across the kitchen table from her mother. She is able to visualize the table setting from where her mother sits. Which type of Gardner's intelligences does this represent?

Spatial intelligence

isolette

Specially designed bed for premature infants that is temperature-controlled and enclosed in clear plastic; often referred to as an incubator.

anesthetics

Stronger medications used during labor to control pain; can numb mother to pain in the various stages of labor.

cesarean section

Surgery performed to deliver the baby through the abdomen if the baby cannot come through the birth canal.

__________ refers to how sentences are constructed.

Syntax

Which of the following STORCH diseases, if untreated, may affect the fetus and can result in about a 60-percent mortality rate and cause blindness, mental retardation, and deafness?

Syphilis

Which of the following is a genetic disorder?

Tay Sachs disease

Individuals of Eastern European Jewish descent are hit hardest by a genetic disorder called __________, which generally causes death by the age of four or five. Refer To: Perspectives on Diversity

Tay-Sachs disease

What disease results from a gene failing to produce an enzyme that breaks down fatty materials in the brain and nervous system?

Tay-Sachs disease

A disorder that affects Jews of Eastern European origin because they lack an enzyme that breaks down harmful fatty material in the central nervous system is

Tay-Sachs disease.

Naomi was born healthy and normal, but by six months of age she began to show mental and motor deterioration. By three years of age, she was blind and near death due to an accumulation of fat and destruction of nerve cells.

Tay-Sachs disease.

Naomi was born healthy and normal, but by six months of age she began to show mental and motor deterioration. By three years of age, she was blind and near death due to an accumulation of fat and destruction of nerve cells. Tragically, no medical intervention appeared to help her. Naomi is suffering from:

Tay-Sachs disease.

uninvolved/neglectful parenting

Term for parents who are undemanding and emotionally unsupportive of their child.

natural childbirth (or prepared childbirth)

Term to describe techniques women use prior to and during the birth process to create the most natural experience possible during delivery.

small for date

Term used for babies born or assessed as underweight for the length of the pregnancy.

During which stage of sensorimotor development does the infant develop an interest in novelty for its own sake?

Tertiary circular reactions

_________ is Piaget's term for repetition with variation which infants use to explore the world's possibilities.

Tertiary circular reactions

Cedric is a researcher who focuses on how people come to be self-actualized. He is interested in

Maslow's hierarchal theory.

__________ refers to elements of intelligence that help in the planning, monitoring, and evaluation of problem-solving strategies.

Metacomponents

forceps

Metal clamps placed around the baby's head to pull the baby through the birth canal.

Of the following countries, which one was not identified with a fertility rate below replacement level?

Mexico

__________ intelligence is the ability to play an instrument, sing or otherwise demonstrate sensitivity to rhythm, tone, and melody.

Musical

Using which technique is fetal blood drawn from the umbilical cord?

Percutaneous umbilical blood sampling

Which type of Sternberg's components of intelligence is used to carry out our problem-solving strategies?

Performance components

__________ circular reactions is Piaget's term for infants' activities that are directed toward objects and events outside themselves.

Secondary

day care

Services and care for children provided outside the children's home.

developmental systems theory

Set of beliefs leading to the conclusion that we construct our own views of the world.

_________ determines whether you are biologically male or female.

Sex

Which of the following statements concerning cell division is NOT true?

Sex cells are also known as soma cells.

When Seung heard about cloning, he was very excited. Now he wouldn't need a wife to have a child and the baby would look just like him! All he would need was the nucleus from his cells and a woman willing to serve as a surrogate. What should Seung know about development?

The child will look like him only if the nucleus contains a Y chromosome.

dilation

The first stage of the birth process, during which the cervix dilates to about 4 inches in diameter.

microsystem

The home or school.

classical conditioning

The learning process in which a neutral stimulus produces an involuntary response that is usually elicited by another stimulus.

Which of the following is NOT a reason for a cesarean delivery?

The mother is Rh-.

Sheila is raised in a large orphanage where she is rarely talked to or held. What is probably happening in her brain?

The neurons in the emotional areas of her brain may be dying off.

zone of proximal development (ZPD)

The range of ability a child possesses on a given task, from working independently to working with assistance from adults or older children.

object permanence

The realization that objects continue to exist even when they cannot be seen, heard, or touched.

mesosystem

The relationship among microsystems.

operant conditioning

The use of consequences (reinforcement, punishment) to modify or shape voluntary behavior or actions.

When working with a pregnant woman, health care providers should be mindful of cultural differences. Which of the following is NOT included in the text's discussion of this topic?

The weight changes that are acceptable in a particular culture

Which of the following is a reason to use electroencephalograms exclusively when testing infants?

There is no radiation involved

Which of the following is NOT true about neonatal vision?

They can see objects better at close distances.

Which of the following is NOT an assumption of the information-processing perspective?

Thinking develops in a stage-like fashion.

Of the following children, who is most likely to be diagnosed with a learning disability?

Tristan, a nine year old boy

Which of the following chromosomal abnormalities occurs in females only?

Turner syndrome

Rosalia has learning delays in speech and communication, but her condition is not as severe as her cousin Rafe's condition. Based on what you've learned about chromosomal disorders, you might think she has

Turner syndrome.

Maria is short in stature, has a webbed neck, and is sterile. Her doctor explained that she has a chromosomal abnormality called __________ syndrome, which involves an __________ chromosomal pattern.

Turner; XO

Lachlan and Mia are trying to have a baby. They have intercourse on Monday and Mia ovulates on Thursday. What are the chances that Mia will become pregnant?

Very low, as Lachlan's sperm will only survive until Tuesday or Wednesday.

epigenetic view

View of lifespan development that stresses the ongoing interaction between heredity and the environment.

Longitudinal designs provide information about developmental __________, while cross sectional data provides information about developmental __________.

changes; differences

A woman who contracts rubella during her pregnancy may have a baby born with:

a congenital heart disorder.

Children who are intensely reactive, irregular in their bodily functions, and fearful of new stimuli are classified by Chess and Thomas as having:

a difficult temperament.

Christy is eleven months old. She has mastered the ability to run and often challenges her beleaguered parents to impromptu dashes toward whatever happens to catch her eye. Developmentally speaking, Christy is:

a few months ahead of the average infant.

Blastocyst is the specific name given to the zygote when it is:

a fluid filled ball of cells ready to implant.

Gardner argued that some individuals show early indications of above-average melodic ability provides evidence for:

a musical intelligence.

Suggested causes for ADHD include:

all of these

Treatment for ADHD/ADD may include:

all of these

What changes are evident in the brain of Palaemon, who is in middle childhood?

all of these

What is an important step parents can take to decrease the chances that their child will become obese?

all of these

Which of the following factors contribute to mental retardation but can be controlled?

all of these

Which of the following is an example of the kinds of cognitive gains seen during middle childhood?

all of these

__________ contributed to the understanding of temperament.

all of these

The __________ would be used to determine if a child will be born with spina bifida.

alpha-fetoprotein test

Jason became anxious when his mother left the room and seemed very distressed, yet when she returned he acted like he wasn't certain if he should go to her or not. In Ainsworth's categorization scheme, Jason would be:

ambivalently attached.

The most common types of learning disability includes all of the following except:

an attention span that is too narrow.

Logan is 4 months old. He fell from the changing table and is suspected to have a head injury. Which test is most likely to be used to determine the potential brain damage?

an electroencephalogram

Researchers at a sleep lab would most likely use __________ to measure brain waves in patients who suffer from abnormal sleep patterns.

an electroencephalogram

In order to verify the results of AFP testing, it is recommended:

an ultrasound is also performed.

The experiments with the visual cliff suggest that infants begin to discriminate depth:

as soon as they begin crawling.

Piaget observed that infants did not attain object permanence until they reached eight months of age, but more recent research suggest that infants:

as young as 3 to 4 months old have this ability.

Levi is looking over a math problem to see if he can identify the necessary steps to solve it. If they are familiar to him, he can determine if he has the skill to solve the problem. Levi is demonstrating the __________ criteria of problem solving.

assessment of obstacles

The most common reasons children miss school during middle childhood are:

asthma and injuries.

Sakura has just finished delivering her baby. She'll now spend about an hour delivering the placenta, the remaining umbilical cord, and other membranes. This is called the

afterbirth stage.

According to Rutter (2006), age is an ambiguous explanation for behavior for all of the following reasons EXCEPT:

age shows us direct links to causal mechanisms.

The strange situation technique is used to gauge an infant's:

attachment.

Autumn is taking Ritalin, a medication designed to limit the symptoms of:

attention deficit disorder.

Katie is 1½ years of age. She has learned that when she cries her mother comes. All of her needs are being met by her parents. Erikson would argue that she is being confronted with what stage of life crisis?

basic trust versus mistrust

Nathanial is nearly twelve years old. Compared to his early childhood, Nathanial will:

be better at solving problems, as in mathematics.

Louise carefully monitors the reactions of her infant so that she doesn't overstimulate him. As a result, Louise's son will likely:

be more responsive to her.

An infant crawling across a floor will typically:

be on its hands and knees.

The term __________ describes those children whose well-being is in jeopardy due to possible threats that are present during the growth and maturation process.

developmental risk

Cedric is a researcher who focuses on how people come to be self-actualized. He is interested in

developmental systems approach

Chromosomal disorders are:

deviations in the number of chromosomes an individual receives from the parents.

What chemical is known to be associated with cancer of the female reproductive system, particularly if exposure occurs between 3 to 20 weeks?

diethylstilbestrol (DES)

When Jackie experienced her fourth miscarriage and was soon after diagnosed with cervical cancer, her doctor asked if she knew anything about her mother's pregnancy with her. The doctor likely suspects that the drug __________ is behind Jackie's problems.

diethylstilbestrol (DES)

Alina is in the hospital, ready to give birth. She has been having contractions and labor pains, but the baby has not yet crowned. What stage of labor is she in?

dilation

Theresa is working on writing up her research for publication. She is at the section where she describes why she thinks she found what she did. What section of the paper is she writing?

discussion

Rose's mother leaves the room at a friend's house. Upon her mother's return, Rose seems confused and uncertain what to do. Ainsworth would classify Rose's behavior as

disorganized attachment.

The process termed cellular differentiation, which takes place during the embryonic period, leads directly to the development of the:

ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm.

According to Freud, the part of the personality that operates on the reality principal is the

ego.

The third stage of Vygotsky's theory of language development produces:

egocentric speech.

Three-year-old Estevan is chatting away in a deep conversation. The interesting part is that there is no one in the room with him but his dog and his toys. Estevan is exhibiting:

egocentric speech.

According to Piaget, the sensorimotor period of infant development is characterized by the child's:

egocentrism.

Delaney's mom winced in pain after stubbing her toe on a toy. Delaney runs to her toy box, grabs her favorite teddy bear, and brings it to her mom. She says that it will, "help Mama feel better." Piaget would say this demonstrates

egocentrism.

John is two-years-old. He wants to have ice cream, so he assumes his mother, brother, and dog want to have ice cream too. John is exhibiting:

egocentrism.

By the time a child is __________ years old, the brain is approximately the size it will be when the child is an adult.

eight or nine

In humans, it is the male who determines the sex of the child, because he donates:

either the X or the Y chromosome.

Matthew is having difficulty speaking. It is likely that he has problems with the:

either the frontal lobe or the parietal lobe or both

Muhammed is trying to remember the license plate number on his new car. It occurs to him that the letters form the initials of his first girl friend and, he can put the numbers in a sequence that relates to the year he graduated from college. Muhammed is employing the memory strategy of:

elaboration.

The emotions expressed by babies twelve to eighteen months of age that are not seen in younger children are:

elation and security.

Samantha suffers from insomnia and so is undergoing a process to track her stages of sleep. She is likely experiencing a(n):

electroencephalogram.

Processes that are biological in nature are those Vygotsky termed

elementary processes.

The layer of the embryo that gives rise to the lungs, liver, and pancreas is called the:

endoderm.

The best preventative for the most common source of injuries to children in middle childhood is:

enforce and model bike safety practices like wearing helmets.

Olivia is in labor, but the vaginal opening isn't large enough for her baby's head. Dr. Shah decides to make an incision to facilitate the baby passing. This procedure is called an

episiotomy.

Levi has finished his math homework. Now he is checking his work against the available answers in the back of the book. Levi is demonstrating the __________ criteria of problem solving.

evaluation

Which theory studies how genes are expressed during development and how the context of development influences the expression of genetic action?

evolutionary theory

Lily is studying how language areas of the brain may have developed phylogenetically. She is most interested in

evolutionary theory.

Which of the following is NOT one of the levels of analysis that developmental systems theory argues for?

examination of the idea that children cause their own development through activity

Bronfenbrenner visualized the environment as a set of nested systems, each inside the next. An environment in which the developing person is not actually present, but which nevertheless affects development (for example, your friend's curfew) would be the

exosystem.

Automatic processing, such as reading and driving a car, are included in Sternberg's __________ subtheory.

experiential

In Sternberg's approach to intelligence, the __________ subtheory includes elements of novelty and automation.

experiential

Infants who are in the bottom 3 percent of height and weight measures are suffering from what is known as:

failure to thrive.

The egg is released from the ovary's surface and immediately captured by the:

fallopian tube.

The first cell division of the fertilized ovum occurs in the:

fallopian tube.

Una is pregnant. She tells her doctor that she feels her baby moving all the time. Her doctor shows her on the ultrasound that the developing organism is sucking, turning its head, and pushing with hands and feet. What stage of prenatal development is Una most likely in?

fetal stage

After three months in the womb, you enter the

fetal stage.

During the __________ month of prenatal development, the mother begins to feel movement from the fetus, which is now beginning to turn its head and push with its hands and feet.

fourth

Emily has just felt her baby move in the womb for the first time. Emily is likely in the __________ month of her pregnancy

fourth

Emily has just felt her baby move in the womb for the first time. Emily is likely in the __________ month of her pregnancy.

fourth

The embryonic heartbeat usually begins around the __________ week.

fourth

In this disorder, the end of the X chromosome looks ready to break off.

fragile X syndrome

Stage 2 of Piaget's sensorimotor period lasts approximately:

from 1 to 4 months of age.

The 2005 Dietary Guidelines for Americans suggest which of the following for a healthy diet?

fruits, vegetables and whole grains.

In a process called __________, both the sperm and the egg are placed in the fallopian tube in an attempt to achieve fertilization.

gamete intrafallopian transfer

Juliana has spent over five years trying to conceive with her partner, Adrian. Dr. Bradley suggests a procedure where both sperm and egg are placed in her fallopian tube, hoping that fertilization will occur. He is recommending that she have

gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT).

Many forms of assisted reproduction technologies (ART) are now available. In one of these, sperm and egg are placed in the fallopian tube with the hope that fertilization will occur. This is called

gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT).

Nonorganic failure to thrive is to family interactions as organic failure to thrive is to

gastrointestinal distress.

The ______________ theory of gender development suggests that children form a network of mental associations about gender, which they use as a guide to interpret and store information about male and female before they've solidified any identity of their own.

gender schema

Rigid beliefs about the characteristics associated with being male or female are called

gender stereotypes

Victor believes that men should open doors for women and pay on dates. This illustrates his

gender stereotypes

A segment of DNA that directs cells to reproduce and combine is called a

gene.

Caleb has recently become much more of an environmentalist. He wants to make sure the world is a better place for his young kids. Erikson would argue that he is being confronted with what stage of life crisis?

generativity versus stagnation

Alice's grandmother was adopted. Her grandmother explained to her that the court had sealed her history and much of her past was unknown. Her adoption was a type of:

closed adoption.

Women who use __________ during pregnancy risk having babies with low birth weight, behavioral problems and impaired motor development.

cocaine

The __________ stage is Piaget's third stage of cognitive development between the ages of 7 and 11 years.

concrete operational

Although formula is higher in protein than breast milk, it cannot:

confer protection against disease.confer protection against disease.

According to Ainsworth, children who exhibit __________ when reuniting with a parent after a brief separation have a disorganized attachment to that parent.

confusion with little emotion

Intentional or goal-driven behavior is first evidenced when the infant begins to combine behaviors to achieve a goal. This is known as:

coordination of secondary schemes.

Tyler sees his mother's key chain hanging from her purse. It is almost within reach. Tyler carefully reaches his toes down so he can scoot the stroller close to the purse where he can bring the purse close enough to him that he can grab the keys. Tyler is exhibiting:

coordination of secondary schemes.

Kari works for the department of education. She found that a first grader's intelligence is related to the number of books in the family's home. A politician learns of her research and wants to send all the kids in his district thirty books on their second birthday. He is sure that they will all become "smarter". Unfortunately, this is erroneous thinking because

correlation does not necessarily imply causation.

Zaara had a mild infection while she was pregnant and wasn't too concerned; however, when her baby was born, he was blind and deaf. Zaara was likely exposed to:

cytomegalovirus.

Vivianne is pregnant and lives in an old house that just tested positive for lead paint. Her doctor is concerned because lead exposure is associated with

death, anemia and mental retardation.

Nayeli has tested positive for syphilis. Her doctor is concerned because syphilis is associated with

death, blindness, mental retardation, deafness, and prematurity.

During the concrete operational period, the child develops the ability to _________ which refers to being able to attend to more than one aspect of a problem.

decenter

Mr. Abrams, a fourth grade teacher, is reading a story to his students and asking them to concentrate on both the order of events in the story and the ways the characters change in the story. He is helping his students learn to:

decenter.

Brian hears his mom talking on the phone. She says, "Goodness gracious!" A week later, he is talking and when exasperated, he says, "Goodness gracious!" Piaget would argue this demonstrates

deferred imitation.

Hannah, an 18 month old, is on a play date with Madison, a 24 month old. Madison throws a temper tantrum because she doesn't get a toy she wants to play with. A week later, for the first time, Hannah throws a temper tantrum in a department store because she doesn't get a toy she wants. Piaget would argue this demonstrates

deferred imitation.

Baby Angelina is playing with a toy in the restaurant. She drops her rattle and her mom puts it away. Angelina acts as though the rattle never existed. Piaget would argue this demonstrates that she has not developed a sense of

object permanence

The __________ supplies the embryo with all its needs, carries off all its wastes and protects it from harm.

placenta

Baby Angelina is playing with a toy in the restaurant. She drops her rattle and her mom puts it away. Angelina acts as though the rattle never existed. Piaget would argue this demonstrates that she has not developed a sense of

object permanence.

The idea that objects continue to exist when you can't see them is

object permanence.

At birth, an infant's head is __________ of the body's total length.

one fourth

Sarah and Dick are both 45 years old and considering having a baby. Sarah is concerned about the risk of Down syndrome. She has a __________ chance of having a baby born with this disorder.

one in 30

Of the embryos formed from IVF, how many are implanted in the woman's uterus, typically?

one or two

An adult's head is __________ of the body's total length.

one seventh

At twelve, it would be expected that David's head would be about __________ of the length of his body.

one seventh

Lara and Felix are trying to have a baby. If Lara does not become pregnant, how long should they attempt before they decide to seek assistance for infertility?

one year

The criterion for infertility is failure to achieve pregnancy after __________ of attempting.

one year

Laurel is sitting at the park on the bench, watching other kids play a game of kick ball. This is an example of what kind of play?

onlooker play

Arthur learns that when he is experiencing symptoms of withdrawal, he should go shoot up heroin to feel better. This is an example of

operant conditioning.

Skinner is to ________, as Watson is to ________.

operant conditioning; classical conditioning

Gustavo and Hamza are on a play date. They are both sitting on the floor playing with blocks but they aren't really interacting with each other. This is an example of what kind of play?

parallel play

Bailey has determined what she needs to do to repair her bicycle. So now, with tools in hand, she begins the process. Bailey is using the __________ of Sternberg's theory of intelligence.

performance components

The __________ refers to a person's physical characteristics.

phenotype

A person's observable characteristics is his

phenotype.

Rules on how to put sounds together to form words are

phonology.

In one form of assisted reproduction technologies (ART), fertilization occurs "in a dish" and the resulting embryos are then transferred to the woman's uterus. This is called

in vitro fertilization (IVF).

Rochelle and her long time partner, Taylor, would like to have a child using her egg and a sperm donor. Her doctor recommends an external fertilization procedure in which fertilization occurs with help outside the woman's body. This procedure is called

in vitro fertilization (IVF).

Tina is pregnant after having undergone a type of fertility treatment in which the sperm and egg were combined in a test tube before implantation. Tina's pregnancy occurred due to:

in vivo fertilization.

The __________ is the number of deaths that occur in the first year of life for 1,000 live births.

infant mortality rate

While four-year-old Andrew is articulate and speaks in complete sentences, he can't tell you anything about when he was under a year old because of:

infantile amnesia.

Caleb tried to get his mother's attention by whining, but this didn't work. Caleb thought about what behaviors worked in the past when his mother talked to him, so he tugged on her sleeve and said, "Mama." She hugged him. Caleb's solution of this problem is an example of the _________ approach to cognitive development.

information processing

Individuals are not inactive in their developmental processes, but rather play a proactive role that helps shape their unique developmental outcomes. This statement fits:

information-processing theory.

According to Vygotsky, an important component for accomplishing difficult tasks is:

inner speech.

High-quality day care may have a positive effect on children's ______ development.

intellectual

In females, the most common cause of infertility is

irregular ovulation.

A learning disability:

is a neurological disorder that impacts the brain's functioning.

__________ refers to the situation where a child with special needs is educated in the regular classroom.

is a neurological disorder that impacts the brain's functioning.

Of the following occupations, which would Gardner argue was based on linguistic intelligence?

lawyer

What chemical is known to be associated with death, anemia, and mental retardation if there is a certain level of exposure during pregnancy?

lead

The majority of the children in the United States who receive special education services qualify on the basis of:

learning disabilities.

The development of perception relies on:

learning, maturation, and experience with the world.

Camila has been informed she is eligible for special education services. If Camilia is like a majority of students, her disability deals specifically with:

learning.

Federal law mandates that students with disabilities remain in their regular classroom, home, and family as much as possible. This approach to education is called the:

least restrictive environment.

During the middle childhood years, children require:

less food than in early childhood.

Infants who are breast fed compared to those who are fed formula are:

less likely to have allergic reactions.

Which theory refers to a sequence of socially defined, age-graded events and roles that individuals enact over time?

life course theory

Dr. Dre is interested in all of the changes that occur over someone's lifespan, including biological, cognitive, and social. Dr. Dre is most likely interested in

lifespan development

An examination of the biological, cognitive/psychological, and social changes that occur over the course of a human life summarizes

lifespan development.

Dr. Dre is interested in all of the changes that occur over someone's lifespan, including biological, cognitive, and social. Dr. Dre is most likely interested in

lifespan development.

An individual who is good at using double entendre and clever phrases would be high in what Gardner referred to as:

linguistic intelligence.

Infant death in the United States is often due to:

low birth weight and early birth.

In males, the cause of infertility is generally:

low sperm counts.

Obesity rates tend to be higher among the:

lower socioeconomic classes.

During __________, each germ cell receives 23 chromosomes upon division.

meiosis

Shuffling of DNA during chromosomal replication occurs during:

meiosis

Justi looks a bit like both her maternal grandmother and grandfather as well as her mother and father. This mosaic of traits would be explained by the exchange of DNA that occurs during:

meiosis.

After ovulation, if fertilization does not occur, the uterine lining is shed in a process called:

menstruation.

A clinical feature of fetal alcohol syndrome includes:

mental and growth retardation.

While newborns tend to sleep 16 to 17 hours a day, parents may experience frustration and fatigue because:

most deep sleep periods are only about 20 minutes long.

When examining the biopsychosocial model, the elements that are attributed to psychology include all of the following EXCEPT:

motor development.

The neural plate forms from the ectoderm in a process called:

neural induction.

Bowlby found that the most important caregiver in a child's life is:

not necessarily the biological parent.

Habituation is an important process because it ensures infants will:

notice changes in the environment that could affect their survival.

Matt does research on the effects of TV and video games on aggressive behavior. He believes that TV and parenting, not genes, are the primary reasons that people are aggressive. His belief demonstrates the role of

nurture.

Open adoption refers to the situation where:

the biological parents may select the adoptive parents and have visitation rights after the adoption.

A result of closed adoption is where:

the birth records are sealed to everyone except members of the legal system.

The view of cognitive development that uses a computer metaphor to talk about human thinking is

the information processing perspective.

Of the following, which is not an accurate assessment of adult intelligence from any perspective?

the intelligence quotient

The distinguishing behavior of Stage 6 of Piaget's sensorimotor period is:

the internalization of schemes.

All of the following develop during the germinal period EXCEPT:

the lungs

During in vitro fertilization, the fertilized egg is inserted in:

the uterus.

Myrtle is learning how to read. She gets help from a more skilled peer. This social interaction allows her to reach a higher level of reading than she would have been able to achieve by herself. Vygotsky argued this was the best way to learn as instruction is taking place in

the zone of proximal development.

Understanding that the thinking of others may be different from one's own thinking is what developmental researchers call

theory of mind

Muscles, the skeleton, arteries, veins and the urinary system all have in common:

they developed from the mesoderm.

The nervous system begins to appear in the __________ week.

third

The sex organs appear during the __________ month of pregnancy.

third

Binet took on the challenge of developing an instrument to measure intelligence for the original purpose of identifying:

those children who would be likely to fail in school.

Josh recently began suffering from mild seizures and is scheduled to undergo a procedure that measures blood flow associated with brain activity. This type of procedure is called:

positive emission tomography.

Baby Harry learns that when he cries his mom will come and pick him up. As a result, he cries in order to be held. Being picked up is a ________ for Harry.

positive reinforcer

Giving your dog a treat after he sits is an example of a

positive reinforcer.

Your boss paying you for coming to work is a

positive reinforcer.

Roxanna is a new mother who suffers anxiety, restlessness, and irritability. She may be suffering from

postpartum depression.

Piaget's second stage is

preoperational.

Research indicates imitation in babies is

present hours after birth.

A theory that emphasizes the impact of social experiences throughout human development is the ________

psychosocial theory

Lily is 6 months old. If her proximodistal development is normal, she can:

pull herself to a sitting position and maintain it without support.

Children's temperament leads them to seek out certain environmental influences, which in turn have the potential to affect changes in their temperament. This is an example of:

reciprocal interactions.

Smiling by infants and their caregivers is a good example of:

reciprocal interactions.

Anything that increases the probability of a behavior occurring is a ________, anything that decreases the probability of a behavior occurring is a ________.

reinforcer; punishment

A 12-month-old child sitting in a high chair and repeatedly banging a spoon on the tray would be exhibiting what Piaget termed:

secondary circular reactions.

Habimama is in his baby swing. He discovered that if he kicks his feet, the swing will move. Now Habimama spends most of his time happily kicking away. Habimama is demonstrating:

secondary circular reactions.

Focusing on what your professor is saying instead of listening to the person behind you requires

selective attention

Learning that your behavior has an effect on things increases your

self-efficacy.

Isaac would like to work, but his six-month-old daughter, Savannah, whimpers when he puts her down. So, he holds her in his lap while he sits at his computer and plays with her fingers. Savannah relaxes and giggles. Isaac is demonstrating:

sensitive responsiveness.

When Janet correctly interprets her 5-month-old daughter's rigid posture when being held as a sign she does not want to be picked up and sets her back down, she is demonstrating:

sensitive responsiveness.

According to Piaget, the __________ covers the first two years of life.

sensorimotor period

The order of Piaget's stages from birth on is

sensorimotor; preoperational; concrete operations; formal operations.

Emir generally seemed delighted at his play dates. However, after Emir turned nine months old, he began to cry when his mother dropped him off with their neighbor. Emir appears to have developed:

separation anxiety.

It takes about __________ days for the zygote to reach the uterine wall for implantation.

seven days

Cole watches his mother pour milk from a small glass into a taller glass. Then she pours it back. Cole not only realizes that the amount of milk didn't change as she poured it from one glass to the other, it stayed the same when she poured it back. Cole must be at least between the ages of:

seven to eleven years.

Unlike children younger than them, three-year-olds are capable of complex emotions, such as:

shame and guilt.

Matt and Mike are identical twins. Thus, they

share the same genotype.

Patricia drinks two or three glasses of wine each evening with dinner. When she disc0overed she was pregnant, Patricia correctly deduced that:

she should discontinue drinking throughout the remainder of the pregnancy, but that this did not guarantee her baby would be free of alcohol-related defects.

Joyce has mastered each of Rubin's four maternal tasks. As a result,:

she will be prepared to commit to rearing her child in the years to come.

Symptoms of __________ include oxygen starvation and severe pain.

sickle-cell anemia

Estimates are that 10 percent of the African American population in the United States carries the trait for the genetic disorder known as:

sickle-cell anemia.

A blood disorder in which red blood cells take on a distorted shape

sickle-cell disease.

Many argue that spanking is bad parenting because it teaches kids to hit when angry or when they're not getting their own way. This perspective would be supported best by ________ theory.

social learning

George sees Fred throw a ball through a window. All the other kids tell Fred how cool he is. The next day George throws a ball through a window. This illustrates

social learning.

Darren is 7 years old, and loves to pretend that he is a fireman. He takes the garden hose and squirts water into the kitchen window. This is an example of what kind of play?

solitary play

The __________ criteria of Bjorklund's explanation of problem solving includes applying the means to solve a problem.

strategies

Chiara seems to be soothed by the pacifier. This is based on the

sucking reflex.

According to Piaget, the dominant behavior seen in Stage 1 of the sensorimotor period is:

sucking.

Thomas is in the store when he sees a CD that he really wants. He has no money to buy it. Although he really wants the CD, he knows that stealing is wrong and he will feel very guilty if he steals it. Thomas chooses not to steal. Which part of the personality, according to Freud, is ruling his behavior?

superego

Whereas the ________ acts as a moral compass, the ________ acts only on having needs met.

superego; id

If you knew only the facts that make up a person's cultural history, then you have a(n) ________ understanding of that culture.

superficial

A woman who carries another woman's embryo in her womb for full term is called a(n)

surrogate mother.

Freja is concerned for her sister who has been unable to carry a pregnancy to term. As Freja has two children of her own, she has offered to carry her sister's fertilized ova so that her sister may know the joy of motherhood as well. Freja is acting as a(n):

surrogate mother.

Playing cops & robbers is a good example of

symbolic play.

The small gap between neurons is called the:

synapse.

Memories are stored in the connections between the neurons in the brain. These connections are known as:

synapses.

"Give drink," "Want doll," and "Go park now" are all examples of:

telegraphic speech.

The two- to three-word utterances used by the child during language development are called:

telegraphic speech.

New parents, Susan and Steven, want to keep a good fit with their child. To do this, they should carefully attend to their child's:

temperament and abilities.

An individual's unique and stable style of behavior make up his or her:

temperament.

Any environmental agent that cause harm to the embryo or fetus is called a

teratogen.

Alberto reached out to pick up a toy and saw the sunlight fall on his hand. He pulled his fingers back quickly to see if the light would come with them. Then he tried putting his foot into the light. Alberto is showing __________ according to Piaget.

tertiary circular reactions.

An infant sitting on the floor and banging various blocks together to produce differing sounds is demonstrating what Piaget termed:

tertiary circular reactions.

Emily, who is 24 years old, went in for a pregnancy test and found out she was pregnant. She is also about 30 pounds above her ideal weight. How much weight should she ideally gain during her pregnancy?

15 to 25 pounds

What is the normal sleep pattern for an infant in the first week of life?

16 to 17 hours in a 24-hour period.

Miu's physician is worried that her baby is going to born prematurely. In general, how many weeks old must the baby be in order to survive?

28 weeks

Lillian has noticed that her stuffed bear is underneath her blanket. Lillian carefully feels across the blanket and looks for lumps. When she finds a bump, she reaches under the blanket and successfully recovers her toy. In order to accomplish this, Lillian must be at least __________, according to Piaget.

8 months old

Infants, when held with their feet touching the ground, are generally able to support most of their own weight by the age of:

8 months.

__________ refers to the process of voluntarily taking a child of other parents as your own

Adoption

___________ is a chromosomal disorder that often results in mental retardation.

Down syndrome

Hamilton was born with small hands, a large tongue, mental retardation, heart defects, and a curiously distinctive set of facial features. Hamilton most likely suffers from:

Down syndrome.

The presence of three copies of the 21st chromosome results in:

Down syndrome.

__________ is an association between two or more pieces of information that are not necessarily related.

Elaboration

__________ are the imaging techniques most commonly used with infants.

Electroencephalograms

fetal monitor

Electronic device used to monitor the baby's heartbeat throughout labor.

Marnie is a nursing student currently studying pregnancy. Her husband hears her pacing in her study mumbling, "Ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm, ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm..." What is Marnie apparently studying?

Cellular differentiation in human embryos

Which of the following is not one of the developmental outcomes of Piaget's sensorimotor period?

Conservation

__________ is the ability to recognize that mass stays the same even if the shape changes.

Conservation

What drug is known to be associated with a misshapen head, growth retardation and cognitive deficits if taken at any point throughout pregnancy?

alcohol

The most common and preventable cause of mental retardation is:

alcohol.

Babies prefer to smile:

all of these

Before a baby is born, it can:

all of these

Brandon spilled a cup of water when he was trying to fill the cat's dish. His father scolded Brandon for his clumsiness. Brandon was embarrassed, because his cousin was visiting. The shame Brandon feels as a result of his father's criticism will affect Brandon's:

all of these

Children's increased competency at problem solving during middle childhood is due to:

all of these

Current research on the cause of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) points to:

all of these

Of the following, which are advantages of breastfeeding over formula for an infant?

all of these

Which of the following is a component of the Stanford-Binet intelligence test?

all of these

The belief that inanimate objects have thoughts and feelings is

animism.

Brody has had to miss quite a few days of school. His bronchial tubes fill with mucus and tighten so that he has trouble breathing. Like many ten year olds today, Brody has:

asthma.

Doug has had to limit his physical activity, including dropping out of track, especially in the late Fall when the weather turns cold. This is due to Doug's breathing problems, which he has had since he was an infant. Doug probably has:

asthma.

If Gianna is like most nine year old children, the primary reason she will miss school is due to:

asthma.

The suggestion that hormones cause gender differences in brain development is an example of which theory of gender development?

biological theory

Dr. Yuma is investigating how genes, personality and the effects of war impact the development of Romanian orphans. She is most likely interested in

biopsychosocial interactions.

Sebastian is three weeks old. If his parents want to decorate his crib with items he will most enjoy looking at, they should include:

black and white polka dots or checkerboards.

As demonstrated by the Reggio Emilia educators, even before one year of age, children are:

can generate and test hypotheses.

__________ is considered a primary emotion.

Joy

Which of the following is not a factor associated with higher rates of obesity among particular ethnic groups?

choosing less healthy food, even when higher quality food is cheaperchoosing less healthy food, even when higher quality food is cheaper

Minerva has a cat that comes running every time he hears the electric can opener. Pavlov would argue this illustrates

classical conditioning.

Pavlov is to ________ as Skinner is to ________.

classical conditioning; operant conditioning

Which of the following is not an example of a fine motor skill?

climbing a jungle gym

Which of the following is an example of conservation?

Karla understands her brother is trying to fool her by giving her the taller glass of soda and that his shorter, wider glass actually has more.

According to recent data, which of the following statements is NOT true in regards to an increase in C-sections?

More women are being born with more narrow pelvic areas, making it unsafe for a vaginal delivery.

When Kieran is surprised, he arches his back, flings his arms out and quickly closes them. This is due to the

Moro reflex.

Increase in the __________ helps the connections of the brain to become stronger and continues during middle childhood.

Myelin

__________ measures the amount of blood flow associated with brain activity.

Positron emission tomography

adaptation

One of the two functional invariants in Piaget's theory.

postpartum period

Period lasting approximately 6 weeks after birth as mother adjusts physically and psychologically.

punishment

Process by which an unpleasant response is paired with an undesired behavior to decrease the likelihood of that behavior occurring in the future.

Which of the following is an advantage of breastfeeding that cannot be matched by formula?

Protection against disease

__________ are patterns of interactions over time.

Relationships

Which of the following cognitive gains occurring in the concrete operational period will allow a child to look back and define the steps taken in a problem-solving process?

Reversibility

________, also known as German measles, is caused by a virus. If a pregnant woman contracts (or has had) this disease, it can result in serious birth defects in the child.

Rubella

__________ refers to the meanings of words.

Semantics

receptive language

The ability of the child to understand written and spoken language.

bonding

The formation of a close connection between newborn and caregiver, typically parents.

expressive language

The language children use to express their ideas and needs.

continuity

The lasting quality of experiences; development proceeds steadily and sequentially.

zone of proximal development

Vygotsky's term for a range of ability in a given task, where the higher limit is achieved through interaction with others.

development

The process of changing and the changes that occur through the lifespan.

One-year-old Ramon says the word "juice" when he wants to drink juice as well as when he wants milk. This is an example of:

a holophrase.

A gene was duplicated during mitosis, an error occurred so that instead of ATGC, it now reads ATCG. This event is called:

a mutation.

Compared to younger children, the middle childhood years tend to be:

a period of healthy development.

Baby Sean may be cooing, smiling, and kicking primarily to:

maintain reciprocal interactions with his parents.

Interpretations of lifespan development have changed over the years. Snapshots of development have been influenced by __________ forces that reflect the ideas and values of specific eras.

cultural

According to Freud, the part of the personality that operates on the reality principal is the

ego

Cellular differentiation in the embryo occurs in the __________ period.

embryonic

The greatest period of risk for birth defects due to teratogens is during the __________ period.

embryonic

The process by which stem cells become specific tissue types, such as skin or neurons occurs in the __________ period.

embryonic

The process known as organogenesis occurs during the:

embryonic period.

Sofia's good friend Leah just came home from the hospital with Baby Max. When Sofia visits Leah, she finds that when she strokes Max's cheek, he turns his head towards her hand. This is an example of the ________ reflex.

rooting

Rules that describe how to interpret the meaning of words are

semantics.

When parents adjust their behaviors to fit their child's temperament, they are exhibiting:

sensitive responsiveness.

The placenta is composed of tissue from:

the embryo.

Felicia is pregnant. She visits her doctor's office. The doctor performs an ultrasound and shows her the baby's heartbeat for the first time. What stage of prenatal development is she most likely in?

the embryonic stage

Even full-term babies may be at risk for respiratory distress syndrome if:

their mothers are diabetic.

All of the following are objectives of lifespan psychology EXCEPT:

to specify only the psychological factors that shape behavior.

Once the sperm and ovum unite, the resulting cell is initially called the:

zygote.

During the sixth and seventh weeks of pregnancy, the organs are formed. This process is called

organgenesis.

Discovering or imposing structure on a set of items to guide behavior is referred to as

organization

Zaira is sitting in her desk at school after having missed the last few days. She has a broken arm. If Zaira is like most fourth graders her age, she broke her arm:

riding a bike.

Which of the following prescription drugs have been known to cause birth defects?

*All of these Accutane Soriatane Thalidomide

Chess and Thomas estimate that approximately __________ children fall into the slow-to-warm-up category.

15 percent

At what age are infants generally ready for solid food?

6 months

The neural tube is formed from the:

neural plate.

The incidence of Fragile X syndrome in females is:

1 in 5000.

sex

Biological maleness or femaleness.

gender

Social/psychological aspects of being male or female.

By its very nature, attention:

must be selective, because it is limited in capacity.

Mrs. Jacobson is aware of the range of ability Tristan has when he attempts to complete a task. She finds a balance between guiding him and letting him do things on his own. Vygotsky would argue this teaching method is ideal because it occurs in the

zone of proximal development.

Now that Jackson is 9 months of age and is actively crawling, his parents are worried that he will not recognize stairs and the edge of the bed. What could you tell them?

"While you are right to be cautious, if Jackson is crawling, he is developing depth perception."

Dr. Yuma is investigating how genes, personality and the effects of war impact the development of Romanian orphans. She is most likely interested in

***cognitive interactions./biopsychosocial interactions.

Cedric is a researcher who focuses on how people come to be self-actualized. He is interested in

***developmental systems approach.

An examination of the biological, cognitive/psychological, and social changes that occur over the course of a human life summarizes

***lifespan development./***biologically secondary processes./interactionist development.

Jolon is interested in testing his belief that drivers of different types of vehicles (cars, SUVs, and pick-up trucks) demonstrate different driving patterns. He designs a study to test this. He is using

***naturalistic observation.

Jane Goodall is well known for her work with chimpanzees, both as a researcher who spent years observing them in the wild and as a conservationist. Her research demonstrates what kind of study?

***naturalistic study/***manipulative

Baby Harry learns that when he cries his mom will come and pick him up. As a result, he cries in order to be held. Being picked up is a ________ for Harry.

***negative reinforcer/positive reinforcer

Many argue that spanking is bad parenting because it teaches kids to hit when angry or when they're not getting their own way. This perspective would be supported best by ________ theory.

***operant conditioning/ ***classical conditioning

If you knew only the facts that make up a person's cultural history, then you have a(n) ________ understanding of that culture.

***significant

Age __________ are a group of people born about the same time as each other (for example, people who were young children in the depression era).

***similarities/cohorts

At the end of the embryonic period, what percentage of the fetal body parts is formed?

95 percent

doula

A woman trained as a caregiver to provide ongoing support to pregnant women before, during, and after delivery.

The incidence of Klinefelter's syndrome is estimated at:

1 in 600.

The human female carries approximately __________ eggs at the time she is born.

1-2 million

About __________ of children are categorized as difficult by Chess and Thomas.

10 percent

Estimates are that about __________ of the reproductive population has a fertility problem.

10 percent

By first grade, most children can understand approximately __________ words.

10,000

The first cell division takes place about __________ after fertilization occurs.

30 to 40 hours

Leila is pregnant and has HIV. What is the probability that she will pass the virus to her child?

30 to 50%

How many babies who are exposed to the herpes virus during birth eventually die?

33%

Chess and Thomas found that about __________ children did not fit into their three categories of temperament.

35 percent

Carla, who is 26 years old, went in for a pregnancy test and found out she was pregnant. She is also about 10 pounds beneath her ideal weight. How much weight should she gain during her pregnancy?

35 to 45 pounds

By the age of __________ most infants are able to hold their heads steady while sitting and lift their head and shoulders to a 90-degree angle while lying on their stomachs.

4 months

As a woman approaches the end of her egg-producing years, some eggs may have been present in her body for as long as:

40 years.

As a reproductive woman, Josie can expect to produce approximately __________ mature ova over her lifetime.

400

Human cells contain __________ chromosomes.

46

At about what age have children acquired the fundamentals of their language?

5 years

The brain reaches adult size and weight at about age:

5 years.

Theresa and Ralph are first-time parents. When they shared with their pediatrician their fear of holding their newborn daughter, the doctor assured them their infant would be able to balance her head by the age of:

6 months.

"Da da da da da ba ba ba ba ma ma ma," chortles little Ji while his father rocks him in the recliner. Because Ji can produce these repetitive syllables, he must be:

7 months or older.

An infant exhibiting typical physical maturation should be able to creep by the age of:

7 months.

A label of mental retardation is assigned to those children whose IQ scores fall below:

70.

Victor is a full term, healthy baby. If he is similar to an average baby, he will weigh:

7½ pounds.

A typical newborn weighs __________ pounds and is about __________ inches long.

7½; 20

The brain of an average infant weighs approximately:

8 ounces.

Infants spend approximately __________ of sleep in the REM stage.

80 percent

An infant exhibiting typical physical maturation should be able to begin crawling by the age of:

9 months.

For most infants, stranger anxiety occurs between the ages of:

9 to 12 months

Separation anxiety typically appears around the age of:

9 to 12 months.

Todd was born premature with respiratory distress syndrome. What are his chances of survival?

90 percent

reversibility

A cognitive act in which a child recognizes that she can use stages of reasoning to solve a problem and then trace the steps back to the original question or premise.

cerebral palsy

A condition resulting from an inability of the brain to control the body; result of brain damage before, during, or after delivery.

code of ethics

A guiding set of principles for members of a particular group.

overextensions

A language irregularity in which children apply a word in a broad manner to objects that do not fit.

self-efficacy

A person's belief that she can behave in a certain way to achieve a desired goal.

What is CB2?

A robot designed by the Japanese that mimics behaviors of an infant

time-variable designs

A specific amount of time (duration) is allowed for a given study, or there is a specific number of times a measure is used in a given study.

episiotomy

A surgical cut made to widen the vaginal opening.

Apgar scale

A test to evaluate a newborn's basic life signs administered at 1 minute and 5 minutes after birth.

__________ is a disability related to inattention and lack of focus.

ADD

While she is trying to listen to her teacher, Faith is actually a million miles away, thinking about breakfast, about what she will do after school, and maybe what her teacher just said. Faith appears to suffer from:

ADD.

__________ is a disability related to inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity.

ADHD

While he was trying to listen to his teacher, Dominic is actually a million miles away, thinking about what he did at recess, how he wishes he were at recess, and finally what his teacher might have just said. Suddenly, he can't sit still any longer, and he sprints for the drinking fountain. Dominic would be diagnosed with:

ADHD.

classification

Ability to group objects with some similarities within a larger category.

Which of the following regarding genes is TRUE?

About 20 percent of the human genome is patented.

play

Activity people engage in because they enjoy it for its own sake.

__________ refers to the process of voluntarily taking a child of other parents as your own.

Adoption

Which of the following statements about adoption in the United States is false?

Adoptive parents may have to wait several months for a healthy child but then will be successful.

Which of the following is true of physical development in middle childhood?

Although, at age 6, children weigh about seven times their birth weight, the pace of development has slowed down.

__________ attached children are anxious before their parent leaves, intensely distressed when they leave but do not allow the parent to console them upon their return.

Ambivalently

Which fetal diagnostic technique is used to gather information about chromosomal abnormalities and provide information about the child's sex?

Amniocentesis

__________ involves inserting a needle through the woman's abdomen, piercing the sac enclosing the fetus and withdrawing a sample of the fluid.

Amniocentesis

reflex

An inborn, automatic response to certain stimuli.

neonate

An infant in the first days and weeks after birth.

Angel is 14 years old and about 20 pounds heavier than she should be. Her mother isn't too worried. Even though both she and her husband are overweight, she believes Angel will eventually slim down because they have talked to Angel about good eating habits. What does research indicate about this?

Angel has a high probability of being overweight as an adult.

reinforcement

Anything that increases the likelihood a response will occur in the future.

Which of the following is NOT an attachment style described by Ainsworth?

Apathetic

The scoring system which asses infants heart rate, muscle tone, and body color is the

Apgar scale.

__________ is a lung disorder resulting in bronchial tubes filling with mucus and tightening.

Asthma

tonic-neck reflex

Automatic response in which an infant extends arm and leg on same side as the direction in which she is looking, while flexing other arm and leg.

rooting reflex

Automatic response in which an infant turns toward a finger or nipple placed gently on her cheek, attempting to get it into her mouth.

Of the following pregnant women, who is most likely to be infected with syphilis?

Ava, a 16 year-old who is often unsupervised

When Celia takes her newborn baby Emanuel to the doctor for his one month checkup, the doctor tickles Emanuel's toes. His toes then fan out, demonstrating the ________ reflex.

Babinski

modeling

Bandura's term for observational learning.

observational learning

Bandura's term to explain the information we obtain from observing other people, things, and events.

social (cognitive) learning

Bandura's theory that refers to the process whereby the information we glean from observing others influences our behavior.

Of the following individuals, which would be expected to show the greatest brain activity?

Bao, who is 3 weeks old

Of the following, which is NOT one of Kagan's conclusions about temperament?

Based in biology, the environment does not have a major influence on a child's temperament.

authoritarian parenting

Baumrind's term for parents who are demanding and want immediate obedience as the most desirable trait in a child.

authoritative parenting

Baumrind's term for parents who respond to their child's needs and wishes; they believe in parental control and attempt to explain the reasons for it to their child.

permissive parenting

Baumrind's term for parents who take a tolerant, accepting view of their child's behavior and rarely make demands or use punishment.

discontinuity

Behaviors that are apparently unrelated to earlier aspects of development.

biopsychosocial interactions

Biological, psychological, and social/environmental forces that combine to impact human development across the lifespan.

__________ intelligence is the ability to handle objects and use the body skillfully.

Bodily-kinesthetic

__________ intelligence is the ability to recognize what is distinctive in others and to interact effectively with others.

Bodily-kinesthetic

Payton is an environmentalist who cares deeply about preserving the earth. Ayden is a farmer who depends upon the earth to make a living as well as to help feed the country. What would Gardner say about their relative types of intelligence?

Both Payton and Ayden are high in naturalist intelligence.

Two of the most influential researchers in attachment are:

Bowlby and Ainsworth.

apnea

Brief periods when breathing is suspended.

Roxanne has recently found out that she is pregnant. How should she now eat?

By following the guidelines suggested by the 2005 Dietary Guidelines for Americans

The sex of a zygote is determined by

Dad.

Da-Xia had a procedure done to test for problems with her developing embryo. A catheter was inserted into her vagina to collect cells. What is the name of this test?

CVS

Which of the following is NOT part of the definition of perception?

Changing physical locations

Which of the following is not true regarding inner speech?

Children who do this past the age of 5 years are immature.

symbolic play

Children's mental representation of an object or event and reenactment of it in their play; one object may represent a different object in the play scenario.

animism

Children's preoperational activity in which they consider inanimate objects to possess human thought, feelings, and actions.

deferred imitation

Children's preoperational behavior that continues after they witnessed the original action or event.

overregularization

Children's strict application of language rules they have learned.

theory of mind

Children's understanding of their own thoughts and mental processes.

Of the following infants, who is the most at risk for infant death?

Christopher, who weighed 5¼ pounds at birth

__________ are structures in the cell nucleus that contain DNA and proteins.

Chromosomes

__________ is very likely the most common environmental hazard in pregnancy.

Cigarette smoking

__________ is the ability to group objects with some similarities within a larger category.

Classification

__________ refers to the concrete operational child's ability to sort objects that share features into smaller groups from a larger collection.

Classification

What was the important conclusion from Harlowe's work with monkeys and attachment?

Contact comfort is more important than association with food for developing attachment.

Which aspect of Sternberg's triarchic model refers to the ability to adapt to aspects of one's culture?

Context

Kids playing a game of soccer are involved in what kind of play?

Cooperative Play

gender role

Culturally defined expectations about how females and males should act.

__________ is movement on hands and knees, where the trunk does not touch the ground.

Crawling

__________ is movement whereby the infant's abdomen touches the floor and the weight of the head and shoulders rests on the elbows.

Creeping

What is the correct sequence of language development during the child's first year?

Crying, cooing, babbling, single words

Which of the following genetic disorders involves breathing and digestive difficulties related to abnormal mucosal excretions?

Cystic fibrosis

Whereas ________ leads to in increased risk of cancer, ________ leads to physical and mental abnormalities in children that have been exposed to it in uteri.

DES; Thalidomide

Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale

Device to assess an infant's behavior; examines both neurological and psychological responses.

A disorder caused by the presence of an extra copy of chromosome 21, resulting in 47 chromosomes rather than 46, is

Down syndrome.

premature birth

Early birth; occurs at or before 37 weeks after conception and is defined by low birth weight and immaturity.

__________ are considered "the language of infancy?"

Emotions

At what point is the fetus viable?

End of the seventh month

exosystem

Environment in which the developing person is not present but that nevertheless affects development.

Whose theory emphasizes life crises as a factor in development?

Erikson

psychosocial theory

Erikson's stage theory that emphasizes the impact of social experiences throughout human development.

identity crisis

Erikson's term for those situations, usually in adolescence, that cause us to make major decisions about our identity.

life crisis

Erikson's term to describe the main tension that individuals experience and seek to resolve during each of eight life stages.

evolutionary developmental psychology

Explanation of development that rests on the assumption that our physiological and psychological systems resulted from evolution by selection.

Which of the following is not true regarding research on aging?

Generally, even in healthy adults we see a decline in all cognitive functioning, especially intelligence.

__________ disorders involve lengths of DNA along a chromosome.

Genetic

________ is an infection that can be contracted by a child during birth. The child can develop the symptoms during the first week following the birth. The eyes and the nervous system are most susceptible to this disease.

Genital Herpes

Madison just tested positive for HIV/AIDS. Dr. Bradley is concerned and wants to take steps to ensure her fetus will not be affected, since HIV/AIDS is associated with

Growth failure, low birth weight, developmental delay, and death from infection.

__________ is the term for an infant's becoming increasingly inattentive to a familiar stimulus.

Habituation

__________ studies are used to help psychologists understand the process of memory formation in infants.

Habituation

Julia had rubella when she was a child. Now that she is considering pregnancy, what is the best course of action?

Have a blood test to determine if her immunity has persisted.

Josiah completed the Stanford-Binet test and achieved a score of 135. What is the standard conclusion about Josiah's intellectual abilities?

He is considered "gifted."

_____________ is a national program that aims to increase school readiness among children by providing educational, health, nutrition, social, and other services to both children and their families

Head Start

Parker goes to a school with low teacher-child ratio and specially trained teachers. The school has numerous resources and teachers recognize children's individual differences. The programs are designed to provide children with age-appropriate, enriching, enjoyable experiences. Most likely he is at a

Head start center.

As of 2004, a baby who is born in __________ has the best chance of surviving their first year.

Hong Kong

oxytocin

Hormone secreted by the pituitary gland that stimulates uterine contractions; has been linked to bonding between caregivers and infants.

Whose view of intelligence encompasses the notion that there are eight separate, but equal, types of intelligence?

Howard Gardner

"I believe that intelligence is not all-inclusive, and that a person can be highly intelligent in some areas and not so in other areas. I am:"

Howard Gardner.

__________ is the ART that involves introducing sperm directly into the woman's uterus.

IUI

Which of the following statements concerning rubella is NOT accurate?

If a woman contracts German measles as a child, she automatically carries immunity for the disease into adulthood.

Which statement is TRUE regarding the Rh factor?

If the mother is Rh- and the fetus is Rh+, miscarriage or death can result.

Which of the following is not included in Rubin's list of maternal tasks?

In the initial stages of pregnancy, the mother should have no doubts about her effectiveness as a mother.

Cathy and Robert have discovered that he is infertile. If they are like most couples, which option will they choose for assistance with their reproductive effort?

In vitro fertilization

__________ is the form of assisted reproductive technology where fertilization occurs in a petri dish and then the embryos are transferred to the uterus.

In vitro fertilization.

How did Ainsworth describe mothers of avoidant attached infants?

Indifferent to physical contact

"It takes a village to educate a child" sums up the process of the:

Individualized Education Plan

A(n) __________ is a written document that details an instructional contract for a child to succeed under the supervision and guidance from the family, teachers, professionals and administrators.

Individualized Education Plan

anoxia

Insufficient oxygen supply during labor and delivery, which can cause fetal brain damage or death.

__________ is a person's problem-solving skills and use of everyday experience to inform learning.

Intelligence

Which of the following is FALSE regarding exercise during pregnancy?

Intensity of exercise does not have to change when pregnant.

reciprocal interactions

Interactions that shape relationships with others.

Rh factor

Involves possible incompatibility between the blood types of mother and child. If the mother is Rh-negative and the child Rh-positive, miscarriage or even infant death can result.

Of the following children, who is most likely to become obese?

Jessica, whose parents are poor and who both work two jobs, so the family often eats fast food

__________ is the primary process during Vygotsky's second stage of language acquisition.

Naïve psychology

Julio has language delays, small testes, and minimal body hair. Based on what you've learned about chromosomal disorders, you might think he has

Klinefelter syndrome

Rather than the normal XY chromosome combination, Tony was born with an XXY combination. What type of disorder does he have?

Klinefelter syndrome

A disorder in which a male possesses an XXY pattern rather than the normal XY is

Klinefelter syndrome.

Abdul is a man who has little body hair, small testicles, and problems when he tries to talk. A recent visit to a physician confirmed that he is infertile. It is likely that Abdul has:

Klinefelter syndrome.

__________ are the elements of intelligence that help us learn how to solve problems in the first place.

Knowledge-acquisition components

induced labor

Labor initiated by doctors through use of medication and by breaking the amniotic sac.

gross motor skills

Large muscle skills resulting from physical development enabling children to perform smooth and coordinated physical acts.

constructivist approach

Learning approach in which children are encouraged to be active participants in constructing knowledge and learn by interacting with their environment.

__________ intelligence is the ability to use words and language well to communicate and create.

Linguistic

__________ intelligence is the ability to use and understand objects, numbers and operations.

Logical-mathematical

__________ is famous for his research on early attachment patterns in birds.

Lorenz

Of the following, which is not one of the four fundamental assumptions of memory?

Memories are stored in a particular place in the brain.

Which of the following statements regarding how memory functions is NOT correct?

Memories are stored in synaptic connections and once formed can be neither strengthened nor decreased.

retrieval

Memory strategy that enables obtaining information from memory; includes recognition and recall.

organization

Memory strategy that entails discovering and imposing an easy-to-remember structure on items to be memorized.

Justina has an IQ score of 65 and adaptive behavior impairments. What category of exceptionality would she most likely fall into?

Mental retardation

analgesics

Mild medications used to alleviate pain; may be used before and during labor.

__________ is the cell division in which the number of chromosomes remains the same.

Mitosis

rehearsal

Mnemonic strategy that describes a person repeating target information.

Caroline wants to be sure she is physically able for the delivery of her baby. So she wants to stay active during her pregnancy. Which of the following is important for Caroline to consider?

Moderate exercise is recommended. Exercises that could affect balance should be avoided. Exercise will help fitness as well as mental outlook. *all of these

Tricia recently gave birth to twins with identical features. What type of twins are these?

Monozygotic

_______ twins develop from the same fertilized egg and share the same genetic information.

Monozygotic

Instead of using flashcards to teach animal names, teachers at a ________________ provide colorful plastic or wooden animal figures, a farm area to play in, or even take children on a field trip to a farm. These teachers believe that this is a more engaging learning strategy since children create their own meaning from the experiences.

Montessori school

sensitive periods

Montessori's term for periods of children's development marked by sensitivity/readiness to learn.

Which of the following statements concerning sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) is NOT correct?

Most cases of SIDS are preceded by severe respiratory distress that lasts for several days.

Infants born before 36 - 38 weeks and who weigh less than 5.5 pounds at birth are at considerable risk for eventual mental retardation and various behavior problems. Which of the following seems to be most responsible for this relationship?

Mothers of low-weight babies tend to be young or poor and unlikely to get proper medical or nutritional care for themselves or the babies.

Minerva has a cat that comes running every time he hears the electric can opener. Pavlov would argue this illustrates

NOT***operant conditioning.

Lamaze method

Natural childbirth method that stresses breathing and relaxation with the support of a partner.

Patrick is always outdoors. He can tell you the names of the plants that grow in his city park, and will tell you at length about each species of bird that lives there and what it eats. Which of Gardner's intelligences does Patrick have?

Naturalistic

Which of Gardner's intelligences evolves from our contact with the world of objects?

Naturalistic

Which of Gardner's intelligences refers to the human ability to discriminate among living things and have sensitivity to the undeveloped world?

Naturalistic

__________ is Vygotsky's term for the stage when children explore the concrete objects in their world and begin to label them.

Naïve psychology

__________ are never cells that transmit information with electrochemical signals.

Neurons

Which of the following regarding neurons is TRUE?

Neurons die based on use throughout our lifetime.

__________ causes of failure to thrive are poverty, neglect, abuse and parental ignorance.

Nonorganic

__________ is indicated when the BMI is greater than the 85th percentile for sex and age.

Obesity

__________ refers to children gradually realizing that there are permanent objects around them, even when these objects are out of sight.

Object permanence

__________ was created by Micklus and Gourley with the goal of helping children develop thinking skills through brainstorming and collaborating.

Odyssey of the Mind

__________ is the process by which internal structures such as pancreas and liver are formed and begins around 6 to 7 weeks after fertilization.

Organogenesis

__________ occurs when the egg bursts from the surface of the ovary.

Ovulation

What conclusions have been made about the dietary habits of children in middle childhood?

Parents' dietary habits at home are the most influential

Celia was successfully treated as an infant for a potentially lethal genetic disorder. Now that she is pregnant, Celia must return to the special diet that saved her life as a child. What is the disorder that Celia has?

Phenylketonuria

preoperational period

Piaget's second stage of cognitive development, extending from about 2 to 7 years.

schemes

Piaget's term for organized patterns of thought and action.

egocentrism

Piaget's term for the child's focus on self in early phases of cognitive development.

cognitive structures

Piaget's term to describe the basic tools of cognitive development.

assimilation

Piaget's term to describe the manner in which we incorporate data into our cognitive structures.

vacuum extractor

Plastic cup attached to a suction device that pulls the baby through the birth canal.

Which emotions are typically expressed by newborn?

Pleasure, distress, disgust

kangaroo care

Practice of skin-to-skin contact, positioning baby against caregiver's bare chest.

__________ is how to use words and sentences to effectively communicate ideas.

Pragmatics

myelination

Process by which speed of information traveling through nervous system increases, due to a fatty layer of cells on nerve cells in the brain.

In the __________ stage of separation, the child cries loudly, is restless, and rejects all adult figures.

Protest

What is the correct sequence of behaviors, as seen in Bowlby's work, when children who have good relationships with their mothers are separated from them?

Protest, despair, detachment

defense mechanisms

Psychological strategies to cope with anxiety or perceived threats.

Nathan is 3 months old. When he sleeps, most of his time will be spent in:

REM sleep.

__________ are exchanges that shape relationships with others.

Reciprocal interactions

__________ refer to the mutual changes that occur in a relationship resulting from the behaviors and attitudes of the individuals involved.

Reciprocal interactions

If 1-month-old Elaina had been one of the children who participated in Robert Fantz's experiment on visual preference, which of the following items would she like the least?

Red disc

A group of educators who influenced approaches to childhood development were located in:

Reggio Emilia, Italy.

Lucia goes to a school where she is presented with an array of natural materials. She creates sculptures and collages. The windows in the classroom let in ample natural light and give her glimpses of trees and sunshine outside. She can also see into other classrooms on the campus. She is most likely at what kind of school?

Reggio Emilia-inspired

Braxton-Hicks contractions

Relatively mild muscle contractions that occur before real contractions begin.

gender stereotypes

Rigid beliefs about characteristics of males and females.

_________ are diseases of the reproductive system that can cause infertility.

STD's

__________ are diseases of the reproductive system that can cause infertility.

STD's

A group of diseases that are acquired either before or during birth are called

STORCH diseases.

__________ is the ability to recognize the meaning of a child's behavior.

Sensitive responsiveness

Alex gets so frustrated that his infant nephew won't stop crying that he shakes him until the baby's brain loses control over heart rate, respiration, and temperature. What condition was the infant exposed to?

Shaken Baby syndrome

Obioama is trying to decide whether she should breastfeed her baby. Of the following, which would be a reason for her to choose formula?

She has AIDS.

Lilou was breastfed for nearly a year. What can be expected of Lilou's health compared to a baby that was fed formula?

She will have stronger bones.

From Bowlby's work on attachment, how would a 4-month-old infant behave if separated from its mother?

She would show distress when her mother leaves.

__________ is a genetic disorder that results in the development of abnormal hemoglobin.

Sickle-cell anemia

___________ is the developmental theorist who emphasized emotions as key to building relationships.

Siegal

Of the following countries, which had the lowest infant mortality rate in 2004?

Singapore

Which of the following describes the language development of a 1-year-old?

Single words

fine motor skills

Small muscle skills involving hands and fingers that result from physical development.

___________ is an example of a genetic defect caused by the interaction of several genes with environmental involvement.

Spina bifida

expulsion

Stage 2 of the birth process; the baby passes through the birth canal.

afterbirth

Stage 3 of the birth process in which the placenta and other membranes are discharged.

Ida has been taking Accutane for her complexion for a number of months. She recently discovered that she is pregnant. What should Ida do?

Stop taking the drug.

one-time, one-group studies

Studies carried out only once with one group of participants.

longitudinal studies

Studies in which the researcher makes several observations of the same individuals at two or more times in their lives. Examples are determining the long-term effects of learning on behavior; the stability of habits and intelligence; and the factors involved in memory.

cross-sectional studies

Studies that compare groups of individuals of various ages at the same time.

descriptive studies

Studies that gather information on subjects without manipulating them in any way.

lifespan psychology

Study of human development from conception to death.

Marisa had a test done which measured AFP in her blood. The results showed she had a low level. What does this mean for Marisa's baby?

The baby may have Down syndrome.

macrosystem

The blueprint of any society.

Which of the following would NOT be considered a potential legal or ethical issue related to the Human Genome Project?

The continued mapping of gene sequences

bioecological model

The continuity and change in the biopsychosocial characteristics of human beings, both as individuals and as groups.

gender identity

The conviction that one is either male or female.

__________ occurs during Stage 4 of the sensorimotor period.

The coordination of secondary schemes

culture

The customs, values, and traditions inherent in one's environment.

__________ is a procedure where electrodes are placed on the scalp to record neuronal activity.

The electroencephalogram

Basimah is in her fifth week of pregnancy. At what stage of development is the child growing within her?

The embryonic stage

Which of the following statements concerning the developing infant brain is correct?

The infant's brain is continually rewiring itself based on environmental stimulation.

__________ is computed by dividing the mental age of a child by the child's chronological age and then multiplying the result by 100.

The intelligence quotient

extinction

The systematic process in which behaviors are deconditioned or eliminated.

Which of the following statements accurately reflects an evaluation of the Stanford-Binet intelligence test?

The test scores are limited in application, because they are basically standardized for middle-class, White Americans.

__________ is Gardner's model that attributes eight types of intelligence to humans.

The theory of multiple intelligences

life course theory

Theory referring to a sequence of socially defined, age-graded events and roles that individuals enact over time.

Jana is a chronic smoker. Now that she is 12 weeks pregnant, she wonders if it is worth it to quit smoking. What advice could you give Jana?

There are great benefits to the baby if you quit smoking before the second trimester, so now is a good time to stop!"

What is the alpha-fetoprotein test for?

To determine neural tube abnormalities

__________ is a potential teratogen caused by a protozoan that is transmitted by animals and causes damage to the developing nervous system.

Toxoplasmosis

Dave and Mary saw their first picture of the fetus growing inside of Mary during the seventh week of her pregnancy. What technique produced this image?

Ultrasound

__________ is the prenatal test that uses sound waves to detect internal structure abnormalities.

Ultrasound

__________ is the prenatal test that uses sound waves to detect internal structure abnormalities. Refer To: Fetal Period

Ultrasound

What is the difference between crawling and creeping in infants?

When creeping, the infant's abdomen touches the ground; when crawling, it does not.

At what point do single cells become neurons?

When the neural tube folds expands through cell division

Which of the following is not a form of ART?

Which of the following is not a form of ART?

Oliver and Sofie are both 25 years old and are planning their first child. Sofie is worried about Down syndrome. What could Oliver tell her that would reassure her?

Women Sofie's age have a chance of 1 n 1,700 of having a baby with Down syndrome.

Amber has been told that she has Turner's syndrome. This means her chromosomes are:

XO.

In mammals, a(an) __________ combination of chromosomes makes up a female.

XX

An individual diagnosed with Klinefelter syndrome would have an __________ chromosome combination.

XXY

Carson is above average in height for his age and is very aggressive. When he is arrested, his lawyer argues that he is not to blame for his behavior because he has

XXY syndrome.

Nathan has a terrible temper and was known as the class bully. This role was easier for him as he was very tall. If these characteristics were the result of a sex disorder, it is likely that Nathan has _________ chromosomes.

XYY

__________ causes a malfunction of the exocrine glands.

__________ causes a malfunction of the exocrine glands.

sex cleavage

Youngsters of the same sex tend to play and do things together.

Of the following infants, who is the least at risk for infant death?

Yuka, who weighs 5½ pounds and was born in Japan

Craig believes that we possess powerful ideas and impulses of which we're unaware but that exert a strong influence on our behavior. He is most likely taking what approach?

a psychoanalytic approach

Chess and Thomas characterized children as having an easy temperament if they exhibited:

a regularity of bodily functions and low or moderate intensity of reactions.

Children during middle childhood have:

a slower growth rate than in early childhood.

In contrast to many explanations of development, information processing theory is not:

a stage approach.

Rosaria is pregnant and has AIDS. Her fetus has tested positive for the disease as well. This means the child may develop symptoms as early as:

about six months after birth.

Which of the following is not one of Piaget's stages?

accommodating operations

accommodation

accommodation Piaget's term to describe the manner by which cognitive structures change.

One criticism of Piaget is based on evidence that children:

achieve specific cognitive milestones earlier than Piaget thought.

Interactions between a parent and infant are:

active on the child's, as well as the parent's part.

Bowlby described attachment behavior as:

any type of behavior that serves to keep someone close who is viewed as more competent.

Fast mapping refers to the child's ability to:

apply labels to objects without being told what they are.

According to Gardner, occupations that require competency in spatial intelligence include:

architects and artists.

Children's behavior indicates secure attachment when they:

are distressed and cry at the mother's departure.

Little Pietro doesn't want to follow the rules. His mom says, "Listen. You do it my way, or else!" This best captures which parenting style?

authoritarian

Parvati is 2 years old. She is starting to become very independent in her behavior. Erikson would argue that she is being confronted with what stage of life crisis?

autonomy versus shame and guilt

Parvati is 2 ½ years old. She is starting to become very independent in her behavior. Erikson would argue that she is being confronted with what stage of life crisis?

autonomy versus shame and guilt

When Guilherme's mother dropped him off at the department store's play center, she left without looking back. Guilherme saw that she left and immediately began to look at a book. When his mother returned, Guilherme kept looking through the book and ignored her. Guilherme is exhibiting:

avoidant attachment.

Children who did not seem distressed upon their mother's departure, and who did not seek contact with her upon her return, would be classified as:

avoidantly attached.

By the age of five years, you would expect a child to be able to

balance on one foot, catch a large ball, and dress and undress with minimal help.

All of the following are associated with prematurity EXCEPT:

being overweight.

Of the following, which is not a benefit associated with breastfeeding?

better motor coordination

Ashley can easily pull herself to a standing position and walk off alone. If Ashley is typical of babies, she is:

between 11 and 14 months of age.

When Angel was placed in a crib with an older child that immediately started to cry, Angel tried to climb out of the crib. It was clear to his father that Angel was anxious about the situation. How old must Angel be to experience this emotion?

between six and nine months

Dr. Genesis is a capable surgeon whose skill with a scalpel has saved many lives. Gardner would contend that Dr. Genesis's success is due to his high __________ intelligence.

bodily-kinesthetic

Individuals who compete in athletic competitions such as gymnastics or platform diving are high in __________ intelligence.

bodily-kinesthetic

According to the American Academy of Pediatrics, babies should have:

breast milk exclusively for the first six months of life.

The development of secondary emotions seems to be tied to a child's:

capacity for self-awareness.

One of the strengths of the educational system proposed by the Reggio Emilia group is:

careful record keeping to inform teachers and parents about the children's progress.

Sarah is a toddler who weighs far less than other children her age. When her parents sought medical help, they discovered Sarah has a problem with her intestines so that she doesn't absorb food. Sarah's condition is:

categorized as organic failure to thrive.

Toxoplasmosis is caused by a microorganism transmitted by many animals, especially:

cats.

Allison knows that first her older brother will come home from school and then they will have a snack. Allison has accomplished a sense of:

causality.

When Ethan realizes that if he cries, his mother will pick him up, he has developed a sense of:

causality.

Focusing on one field of information and ignoring others is what Piaget called

centration.

Isabella meets Emma, who is short with grey hair. She also sees Ethan, a tall male with acne and a gangly frame. Isabella mistakenly says that the male is older because he is taller. This demonstrates

centration.

Conservation, seriation, and classification are accomplishments developed during Piaget's __________ stage of development.

concrete operational

One of the major criticisms of Piaget's theory of development is that:

children accomplish specific tasks at earlier ages than Piaget believed.

An advantage to __________, which is used for fetal genetic testing, is the speed with which results are obtained, ranging from three hours to seven days.

chorionic villi sampling

Aubrey is getting prenatal testing at her doctor's office. She has a test where the doctor inserts a catheter through the vagina to finger-like projections that reach into the uterine lining, and a small section is suctioned into the tube. What kind of prenatal test has she had?

chorionic villi sampling

What kind of prenatal test involves examining a small section of the embryo's outer layer?

chorionic villi sampling

The mesoderm will give rise to the:

circulatory system.

Baby Hugo is going to the pediatrician for his 2 year old shots. When the nurse comes in with the syringe, Hugo begins to cry. Watson would argue this illustrates

classical conditioning.

When a neutral stimulus produces an involuntary response that would have otherwise been elicited by another stimulus it is called

classical conditioning.

Children have difficulty understanding that subclasses can be part of a larger class. Piaget called this

classification.

Jewel understands that fractions and decimals, although differing in appearance, both represent a part of a number. This is an example of:

classification.

Susan and her daughter, April, are cleaning up their garage. Susan asks April to sort out all the nails by size and put them in separate jars that she has been saving. April does this easily. April is showing evidence of:

classification.

Age __________ are a group of people born about the same time as each other (for example, people who were young children in the depression era).

cohorts

Performance and knowledge-acquisition are parts of the __________ subcategory of Sternberg's theory of intelligence.

componential

Children gain the ability to reverse thinking during Piaget's __________ stage.

concrete operational

Alex sees two rows of Oreos lying on the table. At first, they are lined up equally. Then his mom takes one cookie away from the bottom row. She spreads the row out. Now, the bottom row has three Oreos that are spread out, while the top row has four cookies that are close together. When asked which row he would like to eat, 4-year-old Quinn chooses the bottom row, even though it has fewer cookies. Piaget would say this demonstrates a lack of

conservation.

Children often have difficulty understanding that an object retains certain properties no matter how its form changes. Piaget called this

conservation.

Of the following, which is not a category included in the Odyssey of the Mind program?

context

Angelina is known for her "street smarts" that allow her to survive in nearly any situation. Angelina is obviously competent in the ___________ area of Sternberg's theory of intelligence.

contextual

Isabella believes that development occurs in a slow but steady linear pattern. In other words, she believes in __________ in development.

continuity

The belief that development occurs in a slow steady pattern illustrates the ____ theory of development; theories that argue for abrupt changes are a ____ pattern of development.

continuity; discontinuity

The ________ is a recently released, non-pharmaceutical alternative treatment for post-partum depression. It sends mild radio waves to stimulate serotonin and dopamine in the brain.

cranial stimulator

Ryan is seven months old and is able to get around in what his older brother calls an "army crawl" because Ryan can't get his stomach off the ground. Ryan is actually:

creeping.

In the United States, the most severe genetic disease of childhood based on the number of people affected and fatality is:

cystic fibrosis

Chloe has a genetic disorder that makes it very difficult for her to breathe. Digesting her food is also difficult due to the mucus in her intestines. Chloe has:

cystic fibrosis.

A widespread infection that can cause damage ranging from fetal mental retardation to blindness, deafness, and even death is

cytomegalovirus.

Dr. Phil is interested in the effects of maternal drug use on baby's cognitive abilities. Because he is an ethical researcher, Dr. Phil would use what kind of design?

descriptive study

Jane Goodall is well known for her work with chimpanzees, both as a researcher who spent years observing them in the wild and as a conservationist. Her research demonstrates what kind of study?

descriptive study

Malik has been looking at research on shark attacks and finds a strong correlation between shark attacks and ice cream cones. This is most likely what kind of study?

descriptive study

When your research involves gathering information without any manipulation, it is a __________ study; when it involves manipulating a variable to observe its effects on another variable, it is a __________ study.

descriptive; manipulative

If an infant is apathetic to those around them after separation from their parent, Bowlby would say they are:

detached.

Lucas's mother has been hospitalized for an extended period of time. At first, Lucas was consolable, but now he will allow caregivers to pick him up, and he has resumed eating and playing. Unlike before his mother left, Lucas is quiet and reserved. As predicted by Bowlby, Lucas is:

detached.

Levi has been working on his math homework. He is employing several approaches to solve the problems, depending on what is required by each. Levi is demonstrating the __________ criteria of problem solving.

determination of strategies

When separate sperm fertilize two separate eggs, ________ twins develop.

dizygotic

Fraternal twins are also called:

dizygotic.

Mitch and Shawna are twins. Judging by their names, it is logical to conclude they are:

dizygotic.

Mitosis is to meiosis as

doubling is to halving.

Hannah is watching her infant sleep. The baby's eyes are moving rapidly back and forth under his eyelids, but nothing else is moving. Hannah's baby is:

dreaming

If the mother has type II herpes simplex, the disease is usually passed on to the child:

during the birth process, while it's in the birth canal.

Padma is in labor. She is fully dilated and they can almost see the baby's head. What stage of labor is she in?

expulsion

Down syndrome results from chromosomes:

failing to separate during meiosis.

A baby that is six to nine months old will begin to display:

fear, anxiety and shyness.

The incidence of Fragile X in syndromes is half as often as occurs in males because:

females have two X chromosomes.

In vitro fertilization refers to the process whereby:

fertilization of the egg occurs in a dish.

The __________ period extends from the 3rd month to birth.

fetal

The STORCH diseases include all of the following EXCEPT:

fetal alcohol syndrome.

AFP testing is generally done during __________ of pregnancy.

fifteen to seventeen weeks

Carly is in the first grade and is developing skills for handwriting, coloring, and manipulating small objects like shoelaces and zippers. These activities are examples of

fine motor skills.

Diego is eight years old and getting much better at dressing himself. This is an example of improvement in:

fine motor skills.

Seth has just stated to pick up his Cheerios using one finger and his thumb. This skill demonstrates

fine motor skills.

Sarah is in between the sixth and seventh week of pregnancy. What is happening developmentally?

fingers and toes are forming on the limb buds

Obelix entertains his parents by cooing and distresses them by crying. These sounds are essential parts of communication and indicate that Obelix is in the __________ stage of language development according to Vygotsky.

first

Théo is two weeks old. The behavior that he exhibits most of the time is sucking or looking for something to suck on. Théo is in __________ of Piaget's sensorimotor period.

first stage

At what point in development is a fetus most vulnerable to the effects of rubella?

first trimester

After reviewing the many assisted reproductive technologies, it is possible that a child may have as many as __________ parents.

five

Daniel was infected with HIV by his mother. He showed the symptoms of AIDS at the expected time for a newborn exposed to the virus. Since the disease has appeared, Daniel has a survival period of about:

five to eight months.

Esmeralda is pregnant. Dr. Patel has decided to perform a C-section because Esmeralda tested positive for ________, a disorder that affects the babies eyes and the nervous system.

genital herpes

The __________ is all of the hereditary material needed to maintain a living organism.

genome

All of the hereditary information needed to maintain a living organism is called

genome.

An individual's genetic make up, something that is invisible to the naked eye, is called her

genotype.

Levi has settled into his math homework. He is looking at the types of problems assigned and is determining if he needs a graphing or statistical calculator. Levi is demonstrating the __________ criteria of problem solving.

goal setting

The ___________ criteria of Bjorklund's explanation of problem solving involves focusing attention on what resources are needed.

goals

Raymond is learning to jump and kick. These skills demonstrate

gross motor skills.

Zoey is an accomplished ballerina, even though she is ten years old. In order to accomplish this physically, Zoey has had to develop:

gross motor skills.

A behavior that is the opposite of attention is:

habituation.

If Grace is typical of newborns, her brain weighs:

half a pound

A child who is adaptable, and shows a moderate intensity of reactions and initial withdrawal from new situations would be classified by Chess and Thomas as:

having a slow-to-warm-up temperament.

Gardner would predict that conservationist and photographer Ansel Adams would be:

high in both spatial and naturalist intelligences.

Willie and his mom have been homeless for two years, mostly eating at missions and shelters at night and from dumpsters in the day. Willie, 9 years old, has gained only a few pounds of weight in the last two years. It is likely that:

his growth will be stunted.

James is 2 months old. According to the principle of cephalocaudal development, of the following behaviors, which can he do well?

hold his head up

Anna is now 6 months old. She should be capable of:

holding her head up without support.

The first utterances children make are single words called:

holophrases

The success of any child-parent relationship hinges upon how the parents view and exercise their roles and:

how the child reacts to the parenting style.

Sora believes that SUV drivers display more "bullying" behaviors than car drivers. This prediction is a

hypothesis.

According to Baumrind, all of the following are kinds of parenting behavior EXCEPT:

neglectful.

Alfred Binet designed his scale of intelligence to:

identify students who needed help in school.

The Human Genome Project has been specifically dedicated to

identifying and mapping the genes that constitute our genetic makeup.

According to Freud, the part of the personality that operates on the pleasure principal is the

id

According to Freud, the part of the personality that operates on the pleasure principal is the

id.

When discussing development it is important to recognize that

ideas of children, adolescents, and adults have changed significantly with time.

Peter is in high school and is grappling with what "group" he belongs to. Although he likes sports, he also likes to act in the theater and plays trumpet in the band. In addition, he is being influenced by images on TV of what a high school student should be like. Erikson would argue that he is being confronted with what stage of life crisis?

identity versus identity confusion

Attachment of the fertilized egg to the uterine wall is called:

implantation.

Researchers have argued that there is a critical period for the development of an emotional attachment between a mother and her newborn infant. Early and close contact is

important for physical and mental development.

Children are capable of make-believe play when they have achieved:

internalization of schemes.

Professor Scopas is a gifted researcher, but he also has the ability to relate his findings to his students. He has even been known to receive a standing ovation after his lectures and is a sought-after advisor. Apparently, Professor Scopas is high in __________ intelligence.

interpersonal

Rose is starting college and realizes that her relationships with her high school boyfriends are nothing like the kinds of relationships she is interested in developing now that she is an adult. Erikson would argue that she is being confronted with what stage of life crisis?

intimacy versus isolation

Willa and her husband Ethan have been having issues getting pregnant for several years. Dr. Brown suggests a procedure where Ethan's sperm will be injected directly into Willa's uterus. The doctor is recommending that she have

intrauterine insemination (IUI).

Lucas's mother experienced complications from an emergency appendectomy. She has been in the hospital for more than a week. Lucas has withdrawn, become lethargic, and cries softly for hours. According to Bowlby, Lucas:

is in despair.

If the genome is completely known for an organism:

it is not possible to recreate the organism, because factors beyond the gene influence development.

Much research in development is descriptive because

it would be unethical to do a manipulative study in many circumstances.

Accountants, engineers and scientists would be expected to score high in __________ intelligence according to Gardner.

logical-mathematical

Alex excels at analysis and wants to be a statistician when he graduates. Alex is likely high in __________ intelligence.

logical-mathematical

Chaska performs a study on the effects of smoking in the family home on children's health. She follows a group of infants with smoking parents from birth to forty years of age, routinely getting health data on the child and asking about smoking habits. This type of study is a

longitudinal design.

During middle childhood, the role of adults in fostering brain development is to:

make sure there are sufficient incentives for a child so that they are motivated to interact with the world.

Aaban has both an X and Y chromosome, which makes the child a:

male.

While the effects of __________ on the developing fetus are not well known, memory problems and depression have been associated with its use.

marijuana

Tatiana holds her premature baby across her chest between her breasts for several hours a day. This ________ is recommended for both baby and mom.

marsupial embrace

Intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) is a fetal condition that is caused by

maternal smoking.

Carson is attempting to fix the plumbing under his kitchen sink. He has researched the type of tools and pipes he needs and has successfully removed the old material. Now he can't figure out how he removed the old pipe so he can install the replacement. Carson is having difficulty with the __________ of Sternberg's theory of intelligence.

metacomponents

Tai is extremely good at word problems in math, because she is adept at identifying the key elements and evaluating what strategy will work best for a solution. Sternberg would argue that Tai is skilled in the use of:

metacomponents.

Simone is working on writing up her research for publication. She is currently working in the part of the paper where she provides a "recipe," if you will, for the study. She reveals who her subjects were and what she did with them. What section of the paper is she writing?

method

Bronfenbrenner visualized the environment as a set of nested systems, each inside the next. The home or school makes up the

microsystem.

Moira has opted to have Cara, who has been specially trained in delivering babies, help her deliver her first child. Cara spends time with Moira before and during delivery. Cara is a(n)

midwife.

The process in which the zygote's nucleus, including the chromosomes, duplicates itself and divides is called

mitosis.

During __________ cell division, each daughter cell receives 46 chromosomes from the parent cell.

mitotic

Time variable designs include all of the following EXCEPT:

multi-time, mixed-group studies.

Mozart was a gifted composer, showing extraordinary talent at a very young age. Gardner would assert that Mozart was high in __________ intelligence.

musical

A change in DNA that impacts the arrangement of the genes is called

mutation.

One of the sources of variation that occurs during mitosis is:

mutation.

The ability to think faster as we get older is due to

myelination.

Joe does research on intelligence. He believes that you are either born with it or not. In other words, you are either born with the capability to be intelligent or you lack the ability. His belief demonstrates the role of

nature.

Mimi does research on the effects of genes on aggressive behavior. She believes that genes, not TV or parenting, are the primary reasons that people are aggressive. She is showing a strong belief in

nature.

Genes are related to __________, while parenting styles are good examples of __________.

nature; nurture

During the middle childhood years, children tend to:

need fewer calories because their growth rate slows.

Putting on a jacket when you are cold is an example of a

negative reinforcer.

Gabriel is very small for his age and weighs a fraction of what most infants his age weigh. When a social worker visited Gabriel's home, he found very little food. Gabriel's mother confessed that she doesn't have enough money to buy cigarettes, let alone buy baby food. It is apparent Gabriel is suffering from:

nonorganic failure to thrive.

Julius is at the pool with his mom. He sees an overweight lady in a black and white swimming suit get into the pool. He yells, "Look mommy, it's an Orca whale!" This demonstrates he lacks

pragmatics.

Rules that describe how language is used in social contexts are

pragmatics.

According to Vygotsky, crying, cooing, and babbling are all part of:

preintellectual speech.

Victoria babbles when she sees her mother, and then reaches her arms up. Victoria is exhibiting:

preintellectual speech.

Leilani smoked during her pregnancy. Her doctor cautioned her against this as smoking is associated with an increased risk of

prematurity and lung problems.

A 14-month-old child lying on its back and repeatedly waving its arms would be exhibiting:

primary circular reactions.

At 3 months of age, Niu spends her time watching her toes kick. She is fascinated by this repeated movement. Niu's behavior is an example of Piaget's:

primary circular reactions.

Piaget's term for infants' activities that are focused on their own bodies and reflexes is:

primary circular reactions.

Down syndrome may result in all of the following except:

problems breaking down certain amino acids

Repeating target information allows children to hold onto information for as long as possible. This is called

rehearsal

Sergio walked into his exam today, saying information over and over and over again. He scribbled it down quickly the moment his exam was handed out. What kind of strategy is this?

rehearsal

Angie is a diabetic and had a difficult delivery with her full-term infant. Her pediatrician will likely watch the baby carefully, as it is at a greater risk for:

respiratory distress syndrome.

Shanthi is reading a research article on the development of object permanence. She gets to the section that covers the statistical analysis of the research. What part of the article is she on?

results

The __________ part of an APA format research article presents the statistical findings of the present research while the __________ part relates the new findings to previous theories and research.

results; discussion

Ben showed his dad that he had fixed the brake pads on his bicycle. When his dad asked how he did that, Ben described his step-by-step thoughts and actions to fix the brakes. Ben is showing

reversibility.

Naomi understands that 3 + 5 is 5. But she doesn't understand that 2 + 3 is also 5. Piaget would say this demonstrates a lack of

reversibility.

Ramona watches a researcher put a cat mask on a dog. When the researcher questions her, Ramona says that the dog is now a cat. Piaget would say this demonstrates a lack of

reversibility.

Valerie is playing with her younger brother, Alfie. She puts him in a dress. She then tells her mom that Alfie is now a girl because he looks like a girl. Piaget would say this demonstrates a lack of

reversibility.

Behaviors shown in Stage 3 of the sensorimotor period are _________ circular reactions.

secondary

By the age of two years, you would expect a child to be able to

run, turn a page in a book, scribble, jump using both feet.

Organized patterns of thoughts and actions is what Piaget called

schemas.

Jolon is interested in testing his belief that drivers of different types of vehicles (cars, SUVs, and pick-up trucks) demonstrate different driving patterns. He designs a study to test this. He is using

scientific method.

It is during Vygotsky's __________ stage of language development that children begin to acquire grammar.

second

Which of the following is part of the diagnostic criteria for a learning disability?

second-language background

Piaget's developmental period that covers infancy has __________ stages.

six

If Addison is like most mothers in the United States, she will be encouraged by her physician to breastfeed her infant for:

six months.

In the United States, the recommended interval for breastfeeding is:

six months.

Fingers begin to visible on an embryo's hands during the __________ of development.

sixth and seventh week

A(n) __________ infant is characterized by a low intensity of reactions and somewhat of a negative mood by Chess and Thomas.

slow-to-warm-up

Logan was born close to his due date. Still, he's very small and only weights about 4.5 pounds. He would be classified as

small for date.

Genes are composed of:

specific segments of DNA.

Eshal is 16 weeks pregnant and has had a prenatal test that shows high levels of alpha-fetoprotein in her blood. Her doctor is concerned that her fetus may:

spina bifida.

Nekolina's obstetrician has recommended that she have adequate amounts of folic acid in her diet, even prior to becoming pregnant. Nekolina's obstetrician is acknowledging the role of this nutrient in the prevention o

spina bifida.

Nekolina's obstetrician has recommended that she have adequate amounts of folic acid in her diet, even prior to becoming pregnant. Nekolina's obstetrician is acknowledging the role of this nutrient in the prevention of

spina bifida.

Vaishali is pregnant when her doctor tells her that tests indicate the baby's developing neural tube has not closed yet. The doctor would be concerned that her fetus might have

spina bifida.

During the early 1960s, the drug __________ was popular as an anti-nausea measure used in Europe, but it led to children born with partial limbs or no limbs.

thalidomide

What drug is known to be associated with fetal death as well as physical and mental abnormalities, particularly if taken during the first month?

thalidomide

In 1961, Ellie was pregnant with her first son and was prescribed anti-nausea medication by her doctor. Her son was born blind and without arms. This situation describes the drug:

thalidomide.

An important conclusion about development emphasized by the interpretation of the Genome Project is

that the outcome of genetic action is dependent upon its interaction with environmental experiences.

Caroline has been part of a team whose goal is to build a machine that can move and climb obstacles without the use of a gas engine. She and her team expect to be part of a national competition later in the year. Caroline is involved in a project known as:

the Odyssey of the Mind.

Zaynah is taking an intelligence test that is measuring her short term memory as well as her ability to solve word problems and understand segments of reading. Zaynah is likely being assessed with:

the Stanford-Binet intelligence test.

Of the following countries, which had the highest infant mortality rate in 2006?

the United States

Closed adoption refers to a situation where:

the adopted child's history is sealed by the court.

Whether or not the fetus develops AIDS seems to depend on:

the amount of the virus present in the mother.

Gadil is a healthy eleven year old boy. Gadil has learned to eat a balanced, nutritious diet. The most important influences on Gadil's food choices are:

the diets his parents encourage and model.

Taj believes that development is an ongoing interaction between heredity and environment. His research focuses on how going to the gym effects the development of proteins, which in turn effects the development of muscles, which in turn effects the individuals' mood and behavior. He is clearly interested in

the epigenetic view.

Beginning at puberty, females experience monthly sexual events called:

the menstrual cycle.

One result of changes in synaptic strength and the pruning process of a ten-year-old child's brain is:

the neurons become more selective in their responses.

Anger first appears as an emotion in babies that are __________ months old.

three

In stage __________ of the sensorimotor period, infants begin to recognize that they have an effect on the environment so that they can make predictable events happen.

three

According to Vygotsky, the third stage of speech appears around age:

three years.

An individual's temperament is formed:

through both genetic and environmental influences.

Most pediatricians recommend which method of discipline to parents of young children?

time-out

Hailey is only three days old. If she is typical of newborns, she will prefer:

to listen to people talking.

Angelique is a pregnant. Dr. Rajan asks her if she has any cats. Most doctors ask this of their patients so they know to look out for ________, a disease linked to cats that pregnant women are prone to.

toxoplasmosis

An important conclusion made possible from the Human Genome Project is:

transcription of one gene may result in several different proteins.

Ariana is sorting money. She understands that a quarter is more money than a dime and that a dime is more money than a nickel. Ariana correctly concludes that a quarter is more money than a nickel as well. Ariana is clearly capable of:

transitivity.

The ___________ proposes that intelligence consists of componential, experiential, and contextual parts.

triarchic theory of intelligence

Terry and Sheila's first born son, Tristan, is now 3 weeks old. If Tristan is a typical infant, his parents can expect his weight to __________ during the first year of his life.

triple

The germinal period lasts for __________following fertilization.

two weeks

A non-invasive prenatal test that can determine the well-being of a fetus is __________ which may be done as early as seven weeks.

ultrasound

What kind of prenatal test involves the production of an image that enables a physician to detect structural abnormalities and to confirm fetal viability?

ultrasound

The changes seen in preoperational and concrete operational children who have attended school suggest that Piaget:

underestimated children's cognitive abilities.

Research indicates that children who are overweight during middle childhood:

will likely have a weight problem the rest of their lives regardless of whether their parents are thin or overweight.

A mother who smokes cigarettes during the full term of her pregnancy will likely bear a child who:

will suffer from respiratory problems.