Chapter 5- Nutrition

starch

a carbohydrate made of multiple units of glucose attached together in a form the body can digest

small intestine

absorption of carbohydrates begin in this organ

soluble fiber

dissolves in water

insoluble fiber

does not dissolve in water

oligo

few

25 g/day

fiber recommendation for women

low

glucagon is released during times of ___ blood glucose levels

Sucrose

glucose + fructose

Lactose

glucose + galactose

Maltose

glucose + glucose

poly

many

0

nonnutritive sweeteners supply how many calories per serving?

mono

one

carbohydrates

produce acids that dissolve the tooth enamel and lead to dental carries

no more detrimental

research supports that consuming HFCS is ____ to health than consuming regular table sugar

saccharide

sugar

Added sugars,

sugars and syrups that are added to food during processing or preparation

ketone bodies

the by-products of the incomplete breakdown of fat

metabolic syndrome

triglycerides >/= 150mg/dL waist circumference (35 inches for women) (40 inches for men)

Dia

two

glucose

what is the major monosaccharide in the body?

Sorbitol/Xylitol/Mannitol

-sugar alcohols

maltose, sucrose, lactose

3 examples of disaccharides

glucose, fructose, galactose

3 monosaccharides are

diarrhea

Because sugar alcohols are incompletely absorbed, the alternative sweeteners may cause this when consumed.

simple carbohydrates, complex carbohydrates

Carbohydrates are often classified into two general categories which are called what? These include most forms of dietary fiber.

Latino, african american, native american

Populations that are at risk for development of type 2 diabetes. Along with those who are physically inactive, overweight, and family history.

increases a woman's risk of developing type 2 diabetes.

Gestational diabetes should not be treated until after the fetus is born. can result in a newborn baby who is too small. increases a woman's risk of developing type 2 diabetes. is most common in underweight pregnant women.

aspartame

Some people must avoid this and certain protein-rich foods because they have phenylketonuria (PKU) a rare inherited disorder that results in abnormal phenylalanine metabolism.

True

T/F lactose maldigestion is a pattern of physiology that is more likely to occur during adulthood.

True

T/F most forms of dietary fiber are included in the two general classes of carbohydrates?

true

TF fructose is known as fruit sugar or levulose

Fructose

The body has little need for this but certain cells can convert it into glucose or into fat. Same formula as glucose, but has slightly different structure.

gestational diabetes

A special carbohydrate controlled diet and regular physical activity are treatments for..

high fructose corn syrup

A sweetener made by processing corn syrup to increase the level of fructose. It is used extensively as a sweetener in processed foods and soft drinks.

38 g/day

Adequate Intake of fiber for men

sucrose

Although this occurs naturally in honey, maple syrup, carrots, and pineapples, much of the ____ in the American diet is refined from sugar cane and sugar beets.

phenylalanine and aspartic acid,

Aspartame consists of these two amino acids (the molecules that comprise proteins).

carbohydrates

Cells require a steady supply of energy which is largely provided by ____.

is not digested by the human intestinal tract.

Dietary fiber supplies more energy, gram per gram, than fat. is not digested by the human intestinal tract. promotes tooth decay. is only in animal sources of food.

sucralose

During normal cooking and storage conditions, ______ resists destruction by heat, a feature that makes it better for sweetening baked products

millions

How many americans show signs of decreased lactose digestion?

is in whole-grain products, including brown rice.

Insoluble fiber is in beef and pork. dissolves or swells in water. is in whole-grain products, including brown rice. increases the risk of heart disease.

bloodstream

Ketosis is the condition of having a high concentration of ketone bodies in the ___

dietary fiber

Most forms of this are complex carbohydrates comprised of monosaccharides connected by bonds that humans cannot digest

store glucose in the body

Primary function of glycogen is to

oligosaccharides.

Raffinose and stachyose are examples of monosaccharides. disaccharides. oligosaccharides. starch

130 g/day

Recommended Dietary Allowance for carbohydrates prevents ketosis

glycogen.

The human body stores glucose in the form of glycogen. galactose. adrenaline. insulin.

glycogen

The human body stores limited amounts of glucose as what?

raffinose, stachyose

The most common oligosaccharides in foods are

carbohydrates

The pleasant and sometimes irresistible taste of sugar is a clue that the food contains what? A major source of energy for cells

monosaccharide

The simplest type of sugar

type 2 diabetes

The treatment for metabolic syndrome is essentially the same as the treatment of what other disease?

Fruits and vegetables

These are good sources of glucose.

Starch, glycogen

These are polysaccharides that contain hundreds of glucose molecules bound together into large, chainlike structures

Muscles, liver

These two are the major sites for glycogen formation and storage

Aspartame

This breaks down when heated and is not ideal for baked products.

Fructose

This is naturally found in fruit, honey, and a few vegetables, particularly cabbage, green beans, and asparagus.

Glucose

This is the most important monosaccharide in the human body because it is a primary fuel for muscle and other cells. Under normal conditions, red blood cells as well as brain and other nervous system cells burn mostly this for energy.

often associated with excess body weight.

Type 2 diabetes is a disease that primarily affects young children. characterized by severe hypoglycemia. often associated with excess body weight. caused by eating refined sugars.

fewer calories

What are the health benefits of having sugar alcohols instead of sugars in food product?

18-19

What is the maximum number of 12 oz cans of diet soft drinks an adult can consume and not exceed the acceptable daily intake of aspartame?

Aspartame

Which artificial sweetener must be avoided by a person with PKU? Saccharin Sucralose Aspartame Stevioside

Cornflakes cereal

Which of the following foods has the highest glycemic index? Nonfat milk Cornflakes cereal Salted peanuts Apple

Whole-grain bread

Which of the following foods would be recommended for preventing constipation? Cheddar cheese Whole-grain bread Pizza Lean ground beef

High fasting blood glucose

Which of the following signs is associated with metabolic syndrome? Low blood pressure High fasting blood glucose Low hemoglobin High fasting HDL cholesterol

Sucrose

Which of the following substances is a disaccharide? Fructose Sucrose Galactose Glycogen

Lactose

Which of the following substances is not a polysaccharide? Glycogen Lactose Cellulose Starch

Corn is readily available in the U.S, Fructose is sweeter than glucose

Why is high fructose corn syrup such a commonly used additive?

Glucose

____ is a primary fuel for muscles and other cells. Protein Cholesterol Glucose HFCS

Amylase

_____ is the enzyme that breaks down starch. Sucrase Amylase Lactase Starchase

Insulin

_____ is the hormone that enables glucose to enter cells. Glucagon Insulin Glycerin Thyroxine

Galactose

also has the same formula as glucose and fructose, but the structure of it is slightly different from the structure of glucose. Is a component of lactose.

Alternative sweeteners

also referred to as sugar substitutes or "artificial" sweeteners are substances added to food that sweeten the item while providing few or no kcal.

carbohydrates

are a major source of energy for cells

Polysaccharides

are complex carbohydrates comprised of more than 10 monosaccharides bonded together.

Oligosaccharides

are complex carbohydrates comprised of three to 10 monosaccharides.

added sugars

are incorporated into foods to contribute to flavor, browning and tenderness, and preservation of food.

Sugar alcohols

are not fully absorbed by the intestinal tract, and as a result, they supply an average of 2 kcal/g.

nonnutritive sweeteners

area group of synthetic compounds that are intensely sweeter than sugar

Lipolysis

breakdown of fat

amino acids

can be converted into glucose

ketosis

condition resulting from uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, in which the body has an abnormal concentration of ketone bodies resulting from excessive fat metabolism

Complex carbohydrates

have three or more monosaccharides bonded together.

hyperglycemia

high blood sugar

obesity

high fiber diets may lower risk for

type 1 diabetes

insulin dependent

diabetes mellitus

insulin is not secreted adequately or tissues are resistant to its effects

type 2 diabetes

insulin resistance

disaccharide

is a simple sugar that has two monosaccharides linked together.

no

is milk a natural source of sucrose?

Hypoglycemia

low blood sugar