Chapter 5- Nutrition
starch
a carbohydrate made of multiple units of glucose attached together in a form the body can digest
small intestine
absorption of carbohydrates begin in this organ
soluble fiber
dissolves in water
insoluble fiber
does not dissolve in water
oligo
few
25 g/day
fiber recommendation for women
low
glucagon is released during times of ___ blood glucose levels
Sucrose
glucose + fructose
Lactose
glucose + galactose
Maltose
glucose + glucose
poly
many
0
nonnutritive sweeteners supply how many calories per serving?
mono
one
carbohydrates
produce acids that dissolve the tooth enamel and lead to dental carries
no more detrimental
research supports that consuming HFCS is ____ to health than consuming regular table sugar
saccharide
sugar
Added sugars,
sugars and syrups that are added to food during processing or preparation
ketone bodies
the by-products of the incomplete breakdown of fat
metabolic syndrome
triglycerides >/= 150mg/dL waist circumference (35 inches for women) (40 inches for men)
Dia
two
glucose
what is the major monosaccharide in the body?
Sorbitol/Xylitol/Mannitol
-sugar alcohols
maltose, sucrose, lactose
3 examples of disaccharides
glucose, fructose, galactose
3 monosaccharides are
diarrhea
Because sugar alcohols are incompletely absorbed, the alternative sweeteners may cause this when consumed.
simple carbohydrates, complex carbohydrates
Carbohydrates are often classified into two general categories which are called what? These include most forms of dietary fiber.
Latino, african american, native american
Populations that are at risk for development of type 2 diabetes. Along with those who are physically inactive, overweight, and family history.
increases a woman's risk of developing type 2 diabetes.
Gestational diabetes should not be treated until after the fetus is born. can result in a newborn baby who is too small. increases a woman's risk of developing type 2 diabetes. is most common in underweight pregnant women.
aspartame
Some people must avoid this and certain protein-rich foods because they have phenylketonuria (PKU) a rare inherited disorder that results in abnormal phenylalanine metabolism.
True
T/F lactose maldigestion is a pattern of physiology that is more likely to occur during adulthood.
True
T/F most forms of dietary fiber are included in the two general classes of carbohydrates?
true
TF fructose is known as fruit sugar or levulose
Fructose
The body has little need for this but certain cells can convert it into glucose or into fat. Same formula as glucose, but has slightly different structure.
gestational diabetes
A special carbohydrate controlled diet and regular physical activity are treatments for..
high fructose corn syrup
A sweetener made by processing corn syrup to increase the level of fructose. It is used extensively as a sweetener in processed foods and soft drinks.
38 g/day
Adequate Intake of fiber for men
sucrose
Although this occurs naturally in honey, maple syrup, carrots, and pineapples, much of the ____ in the American diet is refined from sugar cane and sugar beets.
phenylalanine and aspartic acid,
Aspartame consists of these two amino acids (the molecules that comprise proteins).
carbohydrates
Cells require a steady supply of energy which is largely provided by ____.
is not digested by the human intestinal tract.
Dietary fiber supplies more energy, gram per gram, than fat. is not digested by the human intestinal tract. promotes tooth decay. is only in animal sources of food.
sucralose
During normal cooking and storage conditions, ______ resists destruction by heat, a feature that makes it better for sweetening baked products
millions
How many americans show signs of decreased lactose digestion?
is in whole-grain products, including brown rice.
Insoluble fiber is in beef and pork. dissolves or swells in water. is in whole-grain products, including brown rice. increases the risk of heart disease.
bloodstream
Ketosis is the condition of having a high concentration of ketone bodies in the ___
dietary fiber
Most forms of this are complex carbohydrates comprised of monosaccharides connected by bonds that humans cannot digest
store glucose in the body
Primary function of glycogen is to
oligosaccharides.
Raffinose and stachyose are examples of monosaccharides. disaccharides. oligosaccharides. starch
130 g/day
Recommended Dietary Allowance for carbohydrates prevents ketosis
glycogen.
The human body stores glucose in the form of glycogen. galactose. adrenaline. insulin.
glycogen
The human body stores limited amounts of glucose as what?
raffinose, stachyose
The most common oligosaccharides in foods are
carbohydrates
The pleasant and sometimes irresistible taste of sugar is a clue that the food contains what? A major source of energy for cells
monosaccharide
The simplest type of sugar
type 2 diabetes
The treatment for metabolic syndrome is essentially the same as the treatment of what other disease?
Fruits and vegetables
These are good sources of glucose.
Starch, glycogen
These are polysaccharides that contain hundreds of glucose molecules bound together into large, chainlike structures
Muscles, liver
These two are the major sites for glycogen formation and storage
Aspartame
This breaks down when heated and is not ideal for baked products.
Fructose
This is naturally found in fruit, honey, and a few vegetables, particularly cabbage, green beans, and asparagus.
Glucose
This is the most important monosaccharide in the human body because it is a primary fuel for muscle and other cells. Under normal conditions, red blood cells as well as brain and other nervous system cells burn mostly this for energy.
often associated with excess body weight.
Type 2 diabetes is a disease that primarily affects young children. characterized by severe hypoglycemia. often associated with excess body weight. caused by eating refined sugars.
fewer calories
What are the health benefits of having sugar alcohols instead of sugars in food product?
18-19
What is the maximum number of 12 oz cans of diet soft drinks an adult can consume and not exceed the acceptable daily intake of aspartame?
Aspartame
Which artificial sweetener must be avoided by a person with PKU? Saccharin Sucralose Aspartame Stevioside
Cornflakes cereal
Which of the following foods has the highest glycemic index? Nonfat milk Cornflakes cereal Salted peanuts Apple
Whole-grain bread
Which of the following foods would be recommended for preventing constipation? Cheddar cheese Whole-grain bread Pizza Lean ground beef
High fasting blood glucose
Which of the following signs is associated with metabolic syndrome? Low blood pressure High fasting blood glucose Low hemoglobin High fasting HDL cholesterol
Sucrose
Which of the following substances is a disaccharide? Fructose Sucrose Galactose Glycogen
Lactose
Which of the following substances is not a polysaccharide? Glycogen Lactose Cellulose Starch
Corn is readily available in the U.S, Fructose is sweeter than glucose
Why is high fructose corn syrup such a commonly used additive?
Glucose
____ is a primary fuel for muscles and other cells. Protein Cholesterol Glucose HFCS
Amylase
_____ is the enzyme that breaks down starch. Sucrase Amylase Lactase Starchase
Insulin
_____ is the hormone that enables glucose to enter cells. Glucagon Insulin Glycerin Thyroxine
Galactose
also has the same formula as glucose and fructose, but the structure of it is slightly different from the structure of glucose. Is a component of lactose.
Alternative sweeteners
also referred to as sugar substitutes or "artificial" sweeteners are substances added to food that sweeten the item while providing few or no kcal.
carbohydrates
are a major source of energy for cells
Polysaccharides
are complex carbohydrates comprised of more than 10 monosaccharides bonded together.
Oligosaccharides
are complex carbohydrates comprised of three to 10 monosaccharides.
added sugars
are incorporated into foods to contribute to flavor, browning and tenderness, and preservation of food.
Sugar alcohols
are not fully absorbed by the intestinal tract, and as a result, they supply an average of 2 kcal/g.
nonnutritive sweeteners
area group of synthetic compounds that are intensely sweeter than sugar
Lipolysis
breakdown of fat
amino acids
can be converted into glucose
ketosis
condition resulting from uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, in which the body has an abnormal concentration of ketone bodies resulting from excessive fat metabolism
Complex carbohydrates
have three or more monosaccharides bonded together.
hyperglycemia
high blood sugar
obesity
high fiber diets may lower risk for
type 1 diabetes
insulin dependent
diabetes mellitus
insulin is not secreted adequately or tissues are resistant to its effects
type 2 diabetes
insulin resistance
disaccharide
is a simple sugar that has two monosaccharides linked together.
no
is milk a natural source of sucrose?
Hypoglycemia
low blood sugar