Chapter 5 Nutriton

EDA for Carbohydrates

130g day minimum

The typical American diet only supplies about how many grams of fiber?

16 grams of fiber

Adequate intake for fiber

38 g/day for men 25 g/day for women

According to the Food and Nutrition Board, carbohydrates should provide % to % of total calories in the diet.?

45% -65%

Describe a good description of a starch

A carbohydrate made of multiple units of glucose attached together in a form the body can digest

Urea

A chemical that comes from the breakdown of proteins

What are carbohydrates Do?

A major source of energy for the body

Negative Nitrogen Balance

A person is in negative nitrogen balance when the amount of excreted nitrogen is greater than that consumed, meaning that the body is breaking down more protein to meet its demands.

What happens when you have a negative Protein ?

A prolonged negative nitrogen balance may lead to a decrease in the plasma protein level, edema, anemia, lowered resistance to infection, increased susceptibility to certain toxic substances, the development of fatty liver or perhaps other serious sequelae.

During processing __________ are incorporated into foods to contribute to flavor, Browning and tenderness, and preservation of food

Added Sugars

Food Allergies

An Inflammatory response is when body's immune system responds to a normally harmless substance (proteins in the food)

Complete protein sources

Animal products, they contain all amino acids. Plant options: Quinoa and soy.

The alternative sweetener that people with PKU must avoid is ______.

Aspartame

Which alternative sweetener contains the amino acids phenylalanine and aspartic acid?

Aspartame

Glycemic Index (GI)

Assigns a number to a food based on how much it increases blood sugar

Celiac Disease

Autoimmune disorder causes poor absorption of nutrients in the small intestine. of the small intestine; villi are damaged as a result of eating gluten.

How many grams of protein do you need each day to meet RDA?

Average RDA is 0.8g/kg

Since soft drinks and 100% fruit drinks contain the same amount of sugar, there is no benefit to choosing 100% fruit juice. True false question. T OR F

False

True or False: Dietary fiber includes indigestible plant and animal materials.

False

Cellulose, hemicellulose, pectin, gums, and mucilages are examples of the polysaccharide called

Fiber

Vegetarian Nutriton is low in

Low in: Vitamin B-12, and RIBOFLAVIN, Zinc, Iron and calcium, Omega 3 Acids, Certain Essential Amino Acids, Energy

Monosaccharides are

Simple form of Carbs, glucose, fructose, galactose

Types of Carbohydrates

Simple/added sugars vs Complex Carbohydrates

What are carbohydrates?

Sourced predominantly of plants, they are sugars, starches, and fibers

What are some of the Top food Allergies

Soybeans. Peanuts. Milk. Wheat. Eggs. Fish (bass, flounder and cod) Shellfish (crab, crayfish, lobster and shrimp) Tree nuts (almonds, walnuts and pecans)

Medium GI foods

Sucrose, soft drinks, oats, tropical fruits

food allergies symptoms

Swollen lips Abdominal cramps Nausea Diarrhea Hives Anaphylaxis

Explain a protein deficiency

Uncommon in the US, FINISH

What are carbohydrates comprised of?

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen molecules

low glycemic index

cause low to moderate fluctuations in blood glucose

Disaccharides are

combined carbs: sucrose, lactose, maltose

Which type of carbohydrate has the most monosaccharides?

complex carbohydrates

Polysaccharides that contain hundreds of glucose molecules bound together into large chainlike structures include

glycogen starch

Is Amylopectin considered a fiber

is not considered a fiber

incomplete protein sources

limiting amino acids, Most plant sources, EXCEPT, soy and quinoa

What are proteins made of?

long chains of amino acids

Complementary Combinations

mixing certain plant foods to provide all essential amino acids without adding animal protein.

high glycemic index

quick rise in glucose and insulin levels

nitrogen balance

the amount of nitrogen consumed compared with the amount excreted in a given time period

protein metabolism

the liver acts as a storage place and assists in both protein anabolism and catabolism

Deamination

the removal of an amino group from an amino acid

Sugar alcohols cost only 2 kcal/gram because ______.

they are not fully absorbed in the intestinal tract

diagnosis of celiac disease

Biopsy! Flattening of vili. Definative diagnosis requires trial of gluten-free diet, taking it away and putting it back.

______ carbohydrates have three or more monosaccharides bonded together Complex

Complex

Megaloblastic anemia

Deficiency of B-12, low red blood cells making you low energy

Most dietary ______ are complex carbohydrates comprised of monosaccharides connected by bonds that human enzymes cannot digest. Multiple choice question.

Dietary Fiber

Nutrigenomics (Nutrients or food components) Influence to Genetic expression:

Examples: Excess Vitamin A during pregnancy causes birth defects, Alcohol consumption during pregnancy causes birth defects in the embryo, Food allergies, and intolerances in vulnerable

Explain excess protein

Excess Protein intake:: Saturated fat and CVD, some cancers, Processed meat and some cancers, Read meat and Breast cancer, Dehydration, caution for people with liver/ Kidney Disease

Low GI foods

Fructose, milk, yogurt, lentils, pasta, nuts, apples, oranges

Glycemic Load (GL)

GL/1000 Multiplied by the number of digestible carbohydrates in a typical serving

High GI foods

Glucose, bread, potatoes, breakfast cereal, sports drinks

Who are people with a Positive nitrogen balance

Growing and maturing, when someone is pregnant, if someone is recovering from illness/Injury, They have increased levels of the hormones insulin, testosterone, and growth hormones, or resistance exercise.

Vitamins B-12

Help red blood cells grow and mature. It keeps the body's blood and nerve cells healthy. It helps form DNA. . helps keep your body's blood and nerve cells healthy and helps make DNA, the genetic material in all of your cells.

Vegetarian Nutriton is high in

High in Vitamin C, E, and folic acid, Phytochemicals Fiber, Magnesium, and potassium

What type of oligosaccharide is a food source of Garlic?

Insulin

What happen if you eat too much protein?

It could accumulate the too much nitrogen which becomes ammonia, but to get rid of it. it turns into urea to protect the stomach.

What is the adequate intake of fiber for men and women?

Men: 38g/day Women: 25g/day

Is Cane sugar better than having than High Fructose Syrup ?

NO, they are basically the same

Nutrigenetics (Genes) Influences:

Nutrient needs: Variation in human nutrient requirements Metabolism: Diabetes and obesity development

Legumes

Peas, lentils, peanuts, beans

What do Carbs do?

Provide energy Protein sorting Oxidize fat "Fat burns in a carbohydrate flame" Essential compound of essential compounds Stored energy

What type of oligosaccharide is a food source of broccoli?

Raffinose

Which oligosaccharides are the most common in foods?

Raffinose and Stachyose

Complementary Protein Dishes for Vegetarians

Red beans and rice, Peanut butter or soy butter on bagel sprinkled with wheat germ, Hummus mashed with chickpeas / garbanzo beans with sesame seed, Black beans and cornmeal Tortilla, Split pea soup with toasted whole-wheat bread, Green beans with brown rice and cashews, Peanut butter on whole grain crackers with wheat germ, meatless kidney bean chili with macaroni.

When is our Blood Glucose Level the highest?

Right After we eat

Carbohydrate digestion and absorption

Salivary and pancreatic amylase break down starch and glycogen into disaccharides intestinal enzymes break down disaccharides into monosaccharides monosaccharides are absorbed by facilitated diffusion and active transport, into the blood vessels in villi

Transamination

The process by which an amino group from one amino acid is transferred to a carbon compound to form a new amino acid.

Nonnutritive sweeteners are

a group of synthetic compounds that are intensely sweeter than sugar.

Anaphylaxis

a severe response to an allergen in which the symptoms develop quickly, and without help, the patient can die within a few minutes.

genetic predisposition

an inherited genetic pattern that makes one susceptible to a certain disease

What are signs of Celiac Disease?

bloating, cramps, diarrhea, steatorrhea. muscle wasting and decreased growth. can affect fertility and lead to osteoporosis

Insulin decreases...

blood glucose levels/ Evens them out