Chapter 5: Protein
High intake of protein can stimulate?
diuresis
What distinguishes protein from other macronutrients?
Nitrogen
Carbs are said to be?
Protein Sparing
Primary structure
straight line
Neurotransmitter
substance used to bridge the gap of the nerve synapse & transmit never impulses
catalysts
substances that participates in & controls a chemical reaction w/o itself being consumed
buffers
substances which maintains a constant pH in a solution by absorbing or releasing hydrogen ions as needed
Protein sparing
the action of a carbohydrate in preserving muscle. If inadequate carbohydrate is consume, muscle is broken down to supply blood glucose
limiting amino acids
the amino acid in shortest supply during protein synthesis resulting in cessation of synthesis
acid-base balance
the degree of acidity or alkalinity in a fluid, caused by an inbalance of hydrogen ions.
osmotic pressure
the force generated by the attraction of the solute on the solvent
Fix nitrogen
to remove nitrogen from the air & render it into a chemical form useable by plants
Hemoglobin
transports proteins
Essential amino acids
There are 9
Children's needs for protein are higher?
Yes, as high as 2.2 g/kg of body weight
Carboxyl group
a -cooh chemical group
Peptide bond
a chemcical bond joining two amino acids
Chemical score
a comparison of the amino acid composition of a particular protein with a reference protein (egg)
Protein energy malnutrition (Pem)
a deficiency of both protein & energy * caused by insufficient food across the board -fixed by adding not just more protein but more of all kinds of foods
PDCAAC
a form of chemical score of protein quality that also accounts for the digestibility of the proteins. Gives a realistic measure of a proteins contribution to meeting needs
Biological Value
a measure of the degree to which an absorbed nitrogen is retained. Nitrogen is here used as a surrogate for protein
Insulin
a peptide hormone responsible for regulation of blood sugar -composed of 51 amino acids
Peptides
a short chain of amino acids
Precursors
a substance from which another substance is formed -tryptophan & tyrosile
Kwashiorsor
a type of PEM characterized by emaciation & abdominal edema
Kwashiorkor
a type of protein malnutrition characterized by emaciation & abdominal edema * results from a protein deficient diet
Amine
an -NH2 chemical group
osmosis
area of water from low solute concentration to high solute concentration
proteases
break the bonds between amino acids
Edema
build up of fluids
DNA
carries the sequence for proteins, the genetic material of a cell, in which inherited traits are carried
secondary structure
coils
tertiary structure
completes coiling * only functional at the tertiary level
HCL in the stomach does what?
denatures proteins
What are amino acids composed of?
-carbon -hydrogen -oxygen -nitrogen -some have sulfur
Causes of PEM
-war -famine -poverty
RDA of protein for adults
.8 g per kg of bodyweight 58-63 grams for males 40-50 grams for females
How are proteins produced?
1. dna contains info to produce proteins 2. Transcription results in mRNA->(copy of dna) 3. mRNA leaves nucleus & goes to ribosome 4. Amino acids are carried to ribosomes by tRNA 5. Translation combines all the above
Protein should be what percentage of total calories?
12-15%
intake over __g/kg a day are too high and unnecessary?
2
How many amino acids are there?
20
Nitrogen composes __% of the air we breathe
78
Marasmus
A type of PEM characterized by severe emaciation
What makes up proteins?
Amino acids
types of pem
Marasmus Kwashiorkor
T or F; nutrients are immortal?
True
When protein is used for energy, the left over nitrogen is disposed of by?
Urea
Acidity
excess hydrogen ions
antigens
foreign proteins which trigger a responsee by the immune system
The quality of a protein depends on what?
how well it delivers the 9 essential amino acids * a high quality has all 9
Excess protein
is stripped of nitrogen, used for energy or stored as fat
An amino acid is named for?
it's side chain
High protein can lead to
kidney disease
What plant fixes nitrogen?
legumes
Serotonin
made from tryptophan -calms and relaxes
substrate
material acted on by the enzyme
legumes
member of the plant family capable of fixing nitrogen from the air & thus not dependent on soil fertility to produce a high protein seed *higher protein than any other plant
BV=
nitrogen Retained / nitrogen absorbed
Can animals synthesize amino acids from nitrogen?
no
Protein
nutrient w/ the highest RDA
essential amino acid
one which can not be synthesized by the body & must therefore be consumed in the diet
Conditionally essential amino acids
one which can not be synthesized only under certain conditions and must be consumed in the diet under these conditions
vegan
one who eats only foods of plant origin
Lacto-vegetarian
one who eats only plant foods & dairy products
lacto-ovo-vegetarians
one who eats only plant foods, eggs & dairy products
Sequence
order in which amino acids appear in a protein, affecting its physical & chemical properties
Egg =
perfect protein -it supplies all essential nutrients -can't excrete so no unusable amino acids
Protein complementarity
practice of combining two proteins to improve their amino acid proportions through mutual supplementation
Collagen
primary protein in connective tissue
gluconeogenesis
production of glucose from amino acids, used when carb stores are depleted
enzymes
proteins that controls & facilitates a chemical reaction
gene
unit of genetic information
