Chapter 5: Protein

Ace your homework & exams now with Quizwiz!

High intake of protein can stimulate?

diuresis

What distinguishes protein from other macronutrients?

Nitrogen

Carbs are said to be?

Protein Sparing

Primary structure

straight line

Neurotransmitter

substance used to bridge the gap of the nerve synapse & transmit never impulses

catalysts

substances that participates in & controls a chemical reaction w/o itself being consumed

buffers

substances which maintains a constant pH in a solution by absorbing or releasing hydrogen ions as needed

Protein sparing

the action of a carbohydrate in preserving muscle. If inadequate carbohydrate is consume, muscle is broken down to supply blood glucose

limiting amino acids

the amino acid in shortest supply during protein synthesis resulting in cessation of synthesis

acid-base balance

the degree of acidity or alkalinity in a fluid, caused by an inbalance of hydrogen ions.

osmotic pressure

the force generated by the attraction of the solute on the solvent

Fix nitrogen

to remove nitrogen from the air & render it into a chemical form useable by plants

Hemoglobin

transports proteins

Essential amino acids

There are 9

Children's needs for protein are higher?

Yes, as high as 2.2 g/kg of body weight

Carboxyl group

a -cooh chemical group

Peptide bond

a chemcical bond joining two amino acids

Chemical score

a comparison of the amino acid composition of a particular protein with a reference protein (egg)

Protein energy malnutrition (Pem)

a deficiency of both protein & energy * caused by insufficient food across the board -fixed by adding not just more protein but more of all kinds of foods

PDCAAC

a form of chemical score of protein quality that also accounts for the digestibility of the proteins. Gives a realistic measure of a proteins contribution to meeting needs

Biological Value

a measure of the degree to which an absorbed nitrogen is retained. Nitrogen is here used as a surrogate for protein

Insulin

a peptide hormone responsible for regulation of blood sugar -composed of 51 amino acids

Peptides

a short chain of amino acids

Precursors

a substance from which another substance is formed -tryptophan & tyrosile

Kwashiorsor

a type of PEM characterized by emaciation & abdominal edema

Kwashiorkor

a type of protein malnutrition characterized by emaciation & abdominal edema * results from a protein deficient diet

Amine

an -NH2 chemical group

osmosis

area of water from low solute concentration to high solute concentration

proteases

break the bonds between amino acids

Edema

build up of fluids

DNA

carries the sequence for proteins, the genetic material of a cell, in which inherited traits are carried

secondary structure

coils

tertiary structure

completes coiling * only functional at the tertiary level

HCL in the stomach does what?

denatures proteins

What are amino acids composed of?

-carbon -hydrogen -oxygen -nitrogen -some have sulfur

Causes of PEM

-war -famine -poverty

RDA of protein for adults

.8 g per kg of bodyweight 58-63 grams for males 40-50 grams for females

How are proteins produced?

1. dna contains info to produce proteins 2. Transcription results in mRNA->(copy of dna) 3. mRNA leaves nucleus & goes to ribosome 4. Amino acids are carried to ribosomes by tRNA 5. Translation combines all the above

Protein should be what percentage of total calories?

12-15%

intake over __g/kg a day are too high and unnecessary?

2

How many amino acids are there?

20

Nitrogen composes __% of the air we breathe

78

Marasmus

A type of PEM characterized by severe emaciation

What makes up proteins?

Amino acids

types of pem

Marasmus Kwashiorkor

T or F; nutrients are immortal?

True

When protein is used for energy, the left over nitrogen is disposed of by?

Urea

Acidity

excess hydrogen ions

antigens

foreign proteins which trigger a responsee by the immune system

The quality of a protein depends on what?

how well it delivers the 9 essential amino acids * a high quality has all 9

Excess protein

is stripped of nitrogen, used for energy or stored as fat

An amino acid is named for?

it's side chain

High protein can lead to

kidney disease

What plant fixes nitrogen?

legumes

Serotonin

made from tryptophan -calms and relaxes

substrate

material acted on by the enzyme

legumes

member of the plant family capable of fixing nitrogen from the air & thus not dependent on soil fertility to produce a high protein seed *higher protein than any other plant

BV=

nitrogen Retained / nitrogen absorbed

Can animals synthesize amino acids from nitrogen?

no

Protein

nutrient w/ the highest RDA

essential amino acid

one which can not be synthesized by the body & must therefore be consumed in the diet

Conditionally essential amino acids

one which can not be synthesized only under certain conditions and must be consumed in the diet under these conditions

vegan

one who eats only foods of plant origin

Lacto-vegetarian

one who eats only plant foods & dairy products

lacto-ovo-vegetarians

one who eats only plant foods, eggs & dairy products

Sequence

order in which amino acids appear in a protein, affecting its physical & chemical properties

Egg =

perfect protein -it supplies all essential nutrients -can't excrete so no unusable amino acids

Protein complementarity

practice of combining two proteins to improve their amino acid proportions through mutual supplementation

Collagen

primary protein in connective tissue

gluconeogenesis

production of glucose from amino acids, used when carb stores are depleted

enzymes

proteins that controls & facilitates a chemical reaction

gene

unit of genetic information


Related study sets

1.04 Quiz: The Purposes and Origins of Government Part 2

View Set

Unit 4 Questions-K & E Chapter 41 (Spirituality)

View Set

APUSH Unit 5.11 - : Topic Questions - AP Classroom

View Set

Stats, STATS CHAPTER 4, OPRE 6301 Test 1, OPRE HW#5, OPRE 6301 - 7, OPRE 6301 - 3, Stats 6301 - 1, OPRE 6301 Exam 1, CH4 QBA, Chapter 6 problems (FROM CH 6 HANDOUT)

View Set

Sports and Play Chapter 5: Deviance in Sports

View Set

Vocabulary Workshop (Level E) Units 11-12

View Set