Chapter 5 Retake Study Guide

_________ occurs when a strong conditioned stimulus is paired with a neutral stimulus, causing the neutral stimulus to become a second conditioned stimulus

Higher-order conditioning

Doretha eats all of her dinner knowing that afterward she will get a bowl of ice cream. Doretha's behavior is best explained by what type of learning?

operant conditioning

A behavior is more resistant to extinction if it is:

partially reinforced

After a childhood filled with cavities, Kyle has an active dislike of the dentist's drill. His tendency to become anxious when hearing a similar-sounding noise is termed:

stimulus generalization

Small steps in behavior that are reinforced, one after the other, to create a particular goal behavior are known as:

successive approximations

Which of the following would be considered negative reinforcement?

taking an aspirin when you have a headache

When a previously neutral stimulus, through repeated pairing with the unconditioned stimulus, begins to cause the same kind of reflexive response, the neutral stimulus has become:

a conditioned stimulus

An unlearned, involuntary response, such as salivating when presented with food, is:

a reflex

If your professor gives pop quizzes, this is an example of:

a variable interval schedule of reinfrocement

The repeated pairing of the NS and the UCS is called:

acquisition

The law of effect states if an action is followed by a pleasurable consequence, it is likely to:

be repeated

Kohler determined that insight:

cannot be gained through trial-and-error learning alone

Carla was bitten by a dog when she was a toddler. She's older now, but still backs up in fear whenever a dog approaches her. This is an example of:

conditioned emotional response

The heart of operant conditioning is the effect of ________ on behavior

consequences

Pavlov's dogs exhibited stimulus discrimination when they:

did not demonstrate

Pavlov initially set out to study the ______________ of his dog's:

digestive systems

When Pavlov stopped giving the dogs food after the real CS, they stopped salivating to the sound of the ticking. This is called:

extinction

Further studies that followed Köhler's work with chimpanzees:

have found support for the concept of animal insight

In his classical conditioning experiment, Pavlov's dogs were conditioned to salivate when they:

heard the sound of the metronome

In Köhler's experiment, Sultan the chimp first used just one stick that was laying in his cage to rake the banana into the cage, and then learned to fit two sticks together. This was an example of:

insight

Animals' tendency to revert to genetically controlled patterns is:

instictive drift

Learning that remains hidden until its application becomes useful is called:

latent learning

In this study of rats in mazes, Tolman concluded that the rats in the group didn't receive reinforcement for solving the maze had:

learned the maze by wandering around in it and forming a cognitive map

Whenever Vernon comes home too late on a Saturday night, his parents refuse to give him his weekly allowance. Vernon's parents are using what technique to modify his behavior?

negative punishment

Following a response with the removal of something unpleasant is called:

negative reinforcement

It is believed that animals revert quickly to instinctual behaviors when the new tasks are learning have a strong association with:

obtaining food

In most employment situations, people are paid:

on a fixed interval schedule of reinforcement

A student in a fourth-grade class keeps talking out of turn, no matter how many times the teacher tells her to stop. Finally, in desperation, the teacher sends the student to the principal's office. This action of sending the student to the principal's office is a form of:

punishment

Fishing is an example of an activity with a:

variable interval schedule of reinforcement

In classical conditioning, the actual response involved in a CR and a UCR are the same. (For example, it might be salivation in both cases.) But what makes the response (salviation) considered conditioned or unconditioned depends on:

whether the subject is responding to a UCS or a CS