CHAPTER 5 SAMPLE EXAM- social psych

What is a jigsaw classroom?

a cooperative learning method used to reduce racial prejudice through interaction in group efforts; it's a model of how to use interpersonal contact to promote greater tolerance of diversity

what is the social dominance orientation?

a desire to see one's ingroups as dominant over other groups and a willingness to adopt cultural values that facilitate oppression over other groups

what is modern racism?

a form of racism that surfaces in subtle ways when it's safe, socially acceptable, and easy to rationalize

what is the the stereotype content model?

a model proposing that the relative status and competition between groups influence group stereotypes along the dimension of competence and warmth (competence is influenced by relative status, and warmth is influenced by perceived competition)

Karen divides her class into small, racially mixed groups. Each student learns part of the assigned work and then teaches it to others in the group. This procedure is an example of a. a jigsaw classroom. b. a minimal group. c. ingroup favoritism. d. realistic conflict.

a; a jigsaw classroom

For Joel, being a part of the basketball team is very important. When asked to compare the basketball team to the football team, he states, "We're a lot better than they are." According to social identity theory, this ingroup favoritism should make Joel a. feel better about himself and the basketball team. b. pay less attention to football. c. guilty that he judged the football team so arbitrarily. d. concerned about the status of the football team.

a; feel better about himself and the basketball team

In one high school, students from the country have always fought with students from the city. In order to reduce this intergroup hostility, the principal decides that the people in the two groups need to have personal contact on an equal-status basis. What else might he do to try to achieve more harmonious relations between the groups? a. Have them work together on a school wide project. b. Have them identify the strengths of their own group. c. Have them take classes designed to familiarize the groups with aspects of each other's lives. d. Have teachers identify students based on their group affiliation.

a; have them work together on a school wide project

What is subtyping?

accommodating individuals who deviate from one's stereotype by thinking of them as "exceptions to the rule"

Stereotypes about men and women present a. a totally biased picture of men and women. b. a kernel of the truth that is oversimplified and exaggerated. c. an accurate description of the differences between men and women. d. unrealistic expectations for men and women.

b; a kernel of the truth that is oversimplified and exaggerated

The cognitive capacity to process information carefully and the motivation to be accurate are two factors that enable people to a. engage in modern racism. b. avoid using stereotypes. c. feel relative deprivation. d. form illusory correlations.

b; avoid using stereotypes

Illusory correlations, attributions about men's and women's behavior, subtyping men and women who are not representative, and seeking information that supports one's views are four ways in which a. gender roles develop. b. gender stereotypes endure. c. all stereotypes are overcome. d. prejudice is minimized.

b; gender stereotypes endure

Frank thinks that all his instructors are windbags, but he also thinks there are two kinds of instructors: those who are arrogant and those who are incompetent. Frank's classification of instructors is an example of a. a contrast effect. b. subtyping. c. ingroup bias. d. the confirmation bias.

b; subtyping

Lisa thinks that women are more critical than men. At parties, she is more likely to notice a sarcastic remark from a woman than from a man. Lisa's perceptions illustrate a. ingroup favoritism. b. the confirmation bias. c. contrast effects. d. androgyny.

b; the confirmation bias

Research on stereotype threat shows that stereotypes can a. motivate people to try harder in order to improve their performance. b. undermine the academic performance of women and minorities. c. only affect members of groups who do not have power in society. d. lower the self-esteem of members of stereotyped groups.

b; undermine the academic performance of women and minorities

what does it mean to be stigmatized?

being persistently stereotypes, perceived as deviant, and devalued in society because of membership to a particular social group or because of a particular characteristic

According to cross-cultural research, men are widely seen as more ______ than women. a. intelligent b. sensitive c. aggressive d. people-oriented

c; aggresive

Recent research on the measurement of modern racism shows that it a. is easily measured with a questionnaire. b. is impossible to measure. c. can be measured with computer tasks without the respondent's awareness. d. is difficult to measure with a questionnaire, but possible if anonymity is assured.

c; can be measured with computer tasks without the respondent's awareness

Steve expects poor work from his Italian-American executives. One of these employees turns in a report of above-average quality. However, Steve thinks the report is fantastic. Steve's reaction may have resulted from a. realistic conflict. b. social roles. c. contrast effects. d. old-fashioned racism.

c; contrast effects

According to theories of modern racism, discrimination against Blacks is most likely to occur when it is a. explicit and obvious. b. socially unacceptable. c. easy to rationalize. d. confrontational in form.

c; easy to rationalize

According to ________ theory, gender stereotypes result from expectations created by a sex-based division of the labor market. a. realistic conflict b. social identity c. social role d. outgroup homogeneity

c; social role

The blue gang and the red gang are having a dispute about who controls the turf around the vacant lot next to the high school. During this dispute, fighting between the two groups escalates. This result could be most easily predicted from a. social categorization theory. b. modern racism. c. confirmation biases. d. realistic conflict theory.

d; realistic conflict theory

what is relative deprivation?

feelings of discontent aroused by the belief that one fares poorly compared to others

what's an ingroup?

groups with which an individual feels a sense of membership, belonging, and identity

What is a self-fulfilling prophecy?

individuals hear a stereotype about themselves or their group and go on to validate it

what are superordinate groups?

mutual goals that could be achieved only through cooperation

what is discrimination?

negative BEHAVIORS directed against people because of their membership in a particular group

what is prejudice?

negative FEELINGS about others because of their connection to a social groups

what is racism?

prejudice and discrimination based on a person's racial background (exists on an individual an institutional level)

what is implicit racism?

racism that operates unconsciously and unintentionally

What is benevolent sexism?

sees women as objects to be idealized and protected.. views women as emotionally weaker than but morally superior to men

stereotypes stubbornly survive through ...

subtyping

what is the social role theory?

that small gender differences are magnified in perception by the contrasting social roles occupied by men and women

what is the gender stereotype for men?

that they're more adventurous, assertive, aggressive, independent, etc.

what is the gender stereotype for women?

that they're more sensitive, gentle, dependent, emotional, etc.

What is Allport's contact hypothesis?

that under certain conditions, direct contact between hostile groups will reduce prejudice

What is realistic conflict theory?

the direct competition for valuable but limited resources breeds hostility between groups (i.e. land, jobs, and power)

what is the stereotype threat?

the experience of concern about being evaluated based on negative stereotypes about one's group

what is hostile sexism?

the negative element of ambivalent sexism, which includes the attitudes that women are inferior and incompetent relative to men.

what is system justification?

the processes that may endorse and legitimize existing social arrangements (i.e. the status quo)

What is illusory correlation?

the tendency for people to overestimate the link between variables that are only slightly or not at all correlated

What is the outgroup homogeneity effect?

the tendency to assume that there is a greater similarity among members of outgroups than among members of ingroups

how are gender stereotypes distinct?

they are not only descriptive, but also perspective (they tell people what they should do or be)

what are metastereotypes?

thoughts about the outgroup stereotypes that a person may be a part of during interracial interactions (this then can influence the interaction)

how are stereotypes maintained and strengthened?

through confirmation biases

we tend to overestimate the association between variables when...

-the variables are distinctive -the variables are already expected to go together

Gender schematics are more likely to see the world a. as divided into masculine and feminine categories. b. as biased against their gender. c. in distorted ways that favor their gender. d. as a place where their own gender dominates.

a; as divided into masculine and feminine categories

Social categorization and ingroup favoritism are two processes that lead to a. stereotypes. b. authoritarian personalities. c. contrast effects. d. contact hypotheses.

a; stereotypes

In the Robbers Cave experiment, young boys came to dislike each other intensely after a period of a. striving to attain superordinate goals. b. forming friendships with one another. c. competing with one another. d. fighting a common enemy.

c; competing with one another

In the media, images of men are more likely than images of women to emphasize a. activity. b. strength. c. the face. d. the body.

c; the face

Tom is prejudiced against Blacks but doesn't admit it. He sees a Black store owner being robbed. Although he would ordinarily try to help in such emergencies, he does nothing. Tom's lack of action is an example of a. old-fashioned racism. b. reaction time. c. outgroup homogeneity. d. modern racism.

d; modern racism

what's an outgroup?

groups within which an individual does NOT feel a sense of membership, belonging, or identity

What is the Robbers' cave study? What was the outcome?

it was a test to o test if prejudice is caused by competition between an in group and out group and to also to see if ingroup conflict could be reduced by the introduction of superordinate goals. by the end, they were friendly towards each other.

in general, stereotyping, prejudice, and discrimination is ________ acceptable than before, but exceptions still exist

less acceptable

what is sexism?

prejudice and discrimination based on a person's gender (exists on an individual and institutional level)

What is ingroup favoritism?

the tendency to discriminate in favor of ingroups over outgroups

do children understand gender stereotypes?

yes, they do quite early too (by age 2 says one study)

what are the 3 steps to the social role theory?

- combination of biological and social factors - people behave in ways that fit the roles they play - these behavioral differences provide a continual basis for social perception

what are the 4 conditions that are ideal for intergroup contact to serve as a treatment for racism?

- equal status - personal interaction - cooperative activities - social norms

what are the two basic predictions of the social identity theory?

- threats to one's self-esteem heighten the need for ingroup favoritism - expressions of ingroup favoritism enhance one's self-esteem

what are stereotypes?

BELIEFS that associate a whole group of people with certain traits