Chapter 5 Study

Information remains in sensory memory for

seconds or a fraction of a second.

25. If you remember something in terms of its meaning, the type of encoding you are using is

semantic

20. The primary effect of chunking is to

stretch the capacity of STM.

39. One function of ________is controlling the suppression of irrelevant information.

the central executive

When a sparkler is twirled rapidly, people perceive a circle of light. This occurs because

the length of iconic memory (the persistence of vision) is about one-third of a second.

33. The word-length effect reveals that

the phonological loop of the working memory model has a limited capacity.

34. A task with the instructions, "Read the following words while repeating 'the, the, the' out loud, look away, and then write down the words you remember" would most likely be studying

the phonological loop.

31. Imagine yourself walking from your car, bus stop, or dorm to your first class. Your ability to form such a picture in your mind depends on

the visuospatial sketch pad.

29. Working memory differs from short-term memory in that

working memory is concerned with the manipulation of information.

32. Given what we know about the operation of the phonological loop, which of the following word lists would be most difficult for people to retain for 15 seconds

MAC, CAN, CAP, MAN, MAP

8. Brief sensory memory for sound is known as

echoic

19. Which of the following represents the most effective chunking of the digit sequence 14929111776?

1492 911 1776

14. The effective duration of short-term memory, when rehearsal is prevented, is

15-20 seconds.

17. The magic number, according to Miller, is

7 plus or minus 2

Clive Wearing, the ex-choral director, experienced what memory problem?

An inability to form new long-term memories.

27. Information is coded in STM exclusively through an auditory code.

FALSE!

13. If basketball legend Shaquille O'Neal wanted to remember his 16-digit credit card number, which of the following memory techniques would you recommend?

He should think of the number as a sequence of basketball stats.

41. Model's designed to explain mental functioning are constantly refined and modified to explain new results. Which of the following exemplifies this concept based on the results presented in your text?

Replacing the STM component of the modal model with working memory.

15. A person with a reduced digit span would most likely have a problem with

STM

40. The episodic buffer directly connects to which two components in Baddleys model of memory?

The central executive and LTM

6. Compared to the whole-report technique, the partial-report procedure involves

a smaller response set

26. Recalling the sound of a song you heard on the radio yesterday would be an example of

auditory coding in LTM

22. The conclusion from the experiment in which a chess master and a chess novice were asked to remember the positions of chess pieces on a chess board was that

chess masters use chunking to help them remember actual game arrangements.

21. Chase and Simon's research compared memory of chess masters and beginners for the position of game pieces on sample chess boards. They found that the chess master remembered positions better when the arrangement of the pieces was consistent with a real game but not when the pieces were randomly placed. The significance of this finding was that

chunking requires knowledge of familiar patterns or concepts.

Imagine you are driving to a friend's new house. In your mind, you say the address repeatedly until you arrive. Once you arrive, you stop thinking about the address and start to think about buying a housewarming gift for your friend. To remember the address, you used a ___ process in STM.

control

11. Peterson and Peterson studied how well participants can remember groups of three letters after various delays. They found that participants remembered an average of 80% of the groups after 3 seconds but only 10% after 18 seconds. They hypothesized that this decrease in performance was due to ____, but later research showed that it was actually due to _____

decay; interference

10. Sensory memory is believed by many cognitive psychologists to be responsible for all of the following EXCEPT

deciding which incoming sensory information will be the focus of attention

9. Sperling's delayed partial report procedure provided evidence that

information in sensory memory fades within 1 or 2 seconds.

30. The emphasis of the concept of working memory is on how info is

manipulated.

18. STM's capacity is best estimated as seven (plus or minus 2)

meaningful units.

38. It is easier to perform two tasks at the same time if

one is handled by the sketch pad and one is handled by the phonological loop.

When light from a flashlight is moved quickly back and forth on a wall in a darkened room, it can appear to observers that there is a trail of light moving across the wall, even though physically the light is only in one place at any given time. This experience is an effect of memory that occurs because of

persistence of vision

24. Funahashi et al.'s work on monkeys doing a delayed response task is an example of the

physiological approach to coding.

36. Which task should be easier: keeping a sentence like "John went to the store to buy some oranges" in your mind AND

pointing to the word "yes" for each word that is a noun and "no" for each word that is not a noun?

16. If a person has a digit span of two, this indicates that he has ______ memory.

poor short-term

42. Physiological studies indicate that damage to the area of the brain known as the _______ can disrupt behaviors that depend on working memory.

prefrontal cortex

43. Research on monkeys has shown that the part of the brain most closely associated with working memory is the

prefrontal cortex

12. Jill's friends tell her they think she has a really good memory. She finds this interesting so she decides to purposefully test her memory. Jill receives a list of to-do tasks each day at work. Usually, she checks off each item as the day progresses, but this week, she is determined to memorize the to-do lists. On Monday, Jill is proud to find that she remembers 95 percent of the tasks without referring to the list. On Tuesday, her memory drops to 80 percent, and by Thurs-day, she is dismayed to see her performance has declined to 20 percent. Jill does not realize that she is demonstrating a natural mechanism of memory known as

proactive interference

44. Joey is participating in an experiment on memory. He is asked to read a sentence and then hold the last word in his memory while he reads the next sentence. The experimenter measures the maximum number of sentences Joey can read while doing this memory task. Joey is doing the ____ task.

reading span

28. Suppose you have been studying your French vocabulary words for several hours and are making many mistakes. You switch to reviewing the new terms for your upcoming biology test, and your performance is noticeably better. You are experiencing

release from proactive interference.

23. Coding refers to the way info

represented.

7. Using the partial report procedure in his "letter array" experiment, Sperling was able to infer that participants initially ___ of the 12 letters in the display.

say 10

35. Articulatory suppression causes a decrease in the word-length effect because

saying "the, the, the" fills up the phonological loop.

37. Which task should be easier? Keeping an image of a block letter F in your mind AND

saying "yes" for each corner that is an inside corner and "no" for each corner that is an outside corner?