Chapter 5 Test Study Guide (History)

How did Luther's theory of salvation differ from what the Catholic Church believed was necessary for salvation?

Catholic teaching had stressed that both faith and good works were needed to gain personal salvation. In Luther's eyes, human beings were powerless in the sight of an almighty God and could never so enough good works to earn salvation and that salvation was through faith alone.

Summarize the characteristics of Castiglione's perfect noble.

First, a noble was born not made. He was expected to have character, grace, and talent. Second, the perfect noble had to develop two basic skills. They had to gain classical education and perform military practices. Third, the noble needed to follow a certain standard of conduct. They were not to hide their achievements but show them in grace.

How did Erasmus pave the way for the Reformation?

He critized the abuses in the church. His ideas led the way to the Reformation.

Why was Jan van Eyck's use of oil paint significant?

He was among the first to use oil paint, which enabled the artist to use a wide variety of colors.

What literary format does Chaucer use to portray English society?

His work The Canterbury Tales, consists of a collection of stories told by a group of 29 pilgrims journeying to the tomb of Saint Thomas a Becket at Canterbury, England. This format gave Chaucer a chance to portray an entire range of English society.

What was Modern Devotion?

It was a popular mystical move where people sought salvation which stressed the need to follow the teaching of Jesus, not church dogma.

What were the characteristics of the Italian Renaissance?

Italy of the Renaissance was largely an urban society. The powerful city-sates of the Middle Ages became political, economic, and social centers as it progressed. A secular, or worldly, viewpoint emerged as wealth increased which created material enjoyment. The Renaissance was also an age of recovery from the plagues, political instability, and a decline of Church power. A new view of humans emerged that emphasized individual ability and worth.

How did a humanist education prepare a student for life?

Liberal education produced individuals who followed a path of virtue and wisdom. It was the core of humanist schools because it was thought that these subjects allowed individuals to reach their full potential.

Why was The Prince an important work on political power?

Machiavelli was among the first to abandon morality as the basis for analyzing political activity. His views influenced political leaders who followed. The Prince is one of the most influential works on political power in the Western world.

Explain the Edict of Worms.

Martin Luther was made an outlawed within the Empire. This turned his religious movement into a revolution.

How did Renaissance paintings differ from medieval paintings?

Medieval paintings looked flat, Renaissance paintings had depth and came alive.

Why were the Anabaptists considered to be dangerous political radicals?

Most Anabaptists believed in complete separation of church and state. Anabaptists refused to hold political office or bear arms because many took literally the biblical commandment "Thou shall not kill." Their political beliefs, as much as their religious beliefs, caused the Anabaptists to be regarded as dangerous radicals who threatened the very fabric of 16th century society.

Why is Petrarch called the father of Italian Renaissance humanism?

Petrarch did more than any other individual in the 14th century to foster the development of humanism. He generated a movement of finding forgotten manuscripts and emphasized using pure Classical Latin.

What religious reforms were introduced in Zurich?

Relics and images were abolished. All paintings and decorations were removed from the churches and replaced by whitewashed walls. A new church service consisting of scripture reading, prayer, and sermons, replaced the Catholic Mass.

What was the relationship between the Jesuits and the pope?

The Jesuits was recognized as a religious order by the pope in 1540. All Jesuits took a special vow of absolute obedience to the pope, making them an important instrument for papal policy.

Name the three Italian artists most closely associated with the High Renaissance.

These artists were Leonardo da Vinci, Raphael, and Michelangelo.

List the ways Erasmus wanted to reform the Catholic Church.

To reform the church, Erasmus wanted to spread the philosophy of Christ, provide education in the works of Christianity, and criticize the abused in it.