Chapter 5 Understanding Children from Birth to Age Two

Motor sequence depends on

- the development of the brain and nerves - tend to develop in the areas closest to the brain and spinal cord first

Motor Sequences

1. Head control2. Rolling over3. Crawling4. Hitching5. Creeping6. Standing with help7. Standing holding on to furniture8. Walking with help9. Standing without support10. Walking without support

Infants can roll over on their own at

4- 5 months

Infants can sit upright at

4-6 months

Infants like to look at objects ___-___ inches infront of them

8-15

reflex

An automatic body response to a stimulus

What are some examples of telegraphic speech?

Any typical two-word phrases: "Johnny hit""give milk""my ball"

Sucking reflex

Birth to six months... the infant will suck if a finger is placed on the lips or mouth

How is a newborns vision at birth?

Blurry

Rooting reflex

Disappears by three to four months of age... Infants turn their heads toward anything that brushes their faces

Stepping or walking reflex

Disappears two-three months after birth... when an infant is held so the feet are flat on a surface and the infant will lift one foot after another in a stepping motion

Two main forces that influence a child's development

Heredity and environment

creeping

Infants support their weight on their hands and knees

Babinski reflex

Lasts for the first year after birth... present on babies who were born at full term. Stroke the sole of the foot on the outside from the heel to the toe. The toes will fan out and curl and the foot twists in

What factors go with child's temperament?

Passivity: How actively involved a child is with their surroundings. Irritability: tendency to feel distressed Activity Patterns: levels of movement

Moro reflex

Peaks during first moth and disappears by six... when a newborn is startled the infant will fling their arms and legs outward and extend the head

attachment

Strong emotional connection that develops between people

name all the reflexes

Sucking Reflex- helps the infant obtain food for survival. Permanent reflex.Rooting Reflex- causes infants to turn their heads towards anything that brushes their faces.Moro Reflex- also known as the startle reflex.Babinski Reflex- If you stroke the sole of the infants foot on the outside and go from the heel to toe and the infants toes fan out.Stepping/Walking Reflex- When an infant is held so their feet are flat on a surface, they will lift one foot after another in a stepping motion.

What example is used for object permanence

The blanket and toy example

motor sequence

The order in which a child is able to perform new movements

temperament

The quality and intensity of emotional reactions

Why do doctors check reflexes?

To assess brain and nerve development

deferred imitation

Watching another person's behavior and then acting out that behavior later

Palmar Grasp reflex

Weakens after the first three to four months after birth and Disappears late on their first year... when you touch the infants palm, the hands will grip very tightly.

separation anxiety

When a child protests because a familiar caregiver is leaving... child often cries as a sign of distress

failure to thrive

When an infant doesn't reach certain milestones on time

crawling

When the infants abdomen is on the floor

_______ is still used to show distress between three and six months.

crying

newborns do not have very refined ______ at birth.

emotions

young infants tend to show two main emotions---distress and ________

excitement

language is a change of behavior that occurs because of _______ and maturation

experience

infants become more ______ about their goals between nine and twelve month of age.

intentional

All infants need

loving attention

_____, foresight, and self-awareness are developed between three and six months of age.

memory

an infant will ______ and hit with objects to learn how they work.

mouth

children need _____ to use their senses and try new things

opportunities

object permanence

the awareness that things continue to exist even if the infant cannot see them

children begin to ______ before taking action between eighteen and twenty-four months of age.

think

children between twelve and eighteen months like ______ problem solving.

trial and error

telegraphic speech

two-word phrases