Chapter 5 Understanding Children from Birth to Age Two
Motor sequence depends on
- the development of the brain and nerves - tend to develop in the areas closest to the brain and spinal cord first
Motor Sequences
1. Head control2. Rolling over3. Crawling4. Hitching5. Creeping6. Standing with help7. Standing holding on to furniture8. Walking with help9. Standing without support10. Walking without support
Infants can roll over on their own at
4- 5 months
Infants can sit upright at
4-6 months
Infants like to look at objects ___-___ inches infront of them
8-15
reflex
An automatic body response to a stimulus
What are some examples of telegraphic speech?
Any typical two-word phrases: "Johnny hit""give milk""my ball"
Sucking reflex
Birth to six months... the infant will suck if a finger is placed on the lips or mouth
How is a newborns vision at birth?
Blurry
Rooting reflex
Disappears by three to four months of age... Infants turn their heads toward anything that brushes their faces
Stepping or walking reflex
Disappears two-three months after birth... when an infant is held so the feet are flat on a surface and the infant will lift one foot after another in a stepping motion
Two main forces that influence a child's development
Heredity and environment
creeping
Infants support their weight on their hands and knees
Babinski reflex
Lasts for the first year after birth... present on babies who were born at full term. Stroke the sole of the foot on the outside from the heel to the toe. The toes will fan out and curl and the foot twists in
What factors go with child's temperament?
Passivity: How actively involved a child is with their surroundings. Irritability: tendency to feel distressed Activity Patterns: levels of movement
Moro reflex
Peaks during first moth and disappears by six... when a newborn is startled the infant will fling their arms and legs outward and extend the head
attachment
Strong emotional connection that develops between people
name all the reflexes
Sucking Reflex- helps the infant obtain food for survival. Permanent reflex.Rooting Reflex- causes infants to turn their heads towards anything that brushes their faces.Moro Reflex- also known as the startle reflex.Babinski Reflex- If you stroke the sole of the infants foot on the outside and go from the heel to toe and the infants toes fan out.Stepping/Walking Reflex- When an infant is held so their feet are flat on a surface, they will lift one foot after another in a stepping motion.
What example is used for object permanence
The blanket and toy example
motor sequence
The order in which a child is able to perform new movements
temperament
The quality and intensity of emotional reactions
Why do doctors check reflexes?
To assess brain and nerve development
deferred imitation
Watching another person's behavior and then acting out that behavior later
Palmar Grasp reflex
Weakens after the first three to four months after birth and Disappears late on their first year... when you touch the infants palm, the hands will grip very tightly.
separation anxiety
When a child protests because a familiar caregiver is leaving... child often cries as a sign of distress
failure to thrive
When an infant doesn't reach certain milestones on time
crawling
When the infants abdomen is on the floor
_______ is still used to show distress between three and six months.
crying
newborns do not have very refined ______ at birth.
emotions
young infants tend to show two main emotions---distress and ________
excitement
language is a change of behavior that occurs because of _______ and maturation
experience
infants become more ______ about their goals between nine and twelve month of age.
intentional
All infants need
loving attention
_____, foresight, and self-awareness are developed between three and six months of age.
memory
an infant will ______ and hit with objects to learn how they work.
mouth
children need _____ to use their senses and try new things
opportunities
object permanence
the awareness that things continue to exist even if the infant cannot see them
children begin to ______ before taking action between eighteen and twenty-four months of age.
think
children between twelve and eighteen months like ______ problem solving.
trial and error
telegraphic speech
two-word phrases