Chapter 52 Assessment and Management of Patients with Endocrine Disorders

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) has which effects on the kidney?

Stimulation of calcium reabsorption and phosphate excretion

For a client with Graves' disease, which nursing intervention promotes comfort?

Maintaining room temperature in the low-normal range

A client is scheduled for a thyroid panel. The nurse understands that this test would involve which of the following?

Measurement of blood hormone levels

When caring for a client with diabetes insipidus, the nurse expects to administer:

vasopressin (Pitressin).

The nurse is teaching a client about the dietary restrictions related to his diagnosis of hyperparathyroidism. What foods should the nurse encourage the client to avoid?

Milk

A client with hyperparathyroidism declines surgery and is to receive hormone replacement therapy with estrogen and progesterone. Which instruction is most important for the nurse to include in the client's teaching plan?

"Maintain a moderate exercise program."

A nurse is teaching a client with adrenal insufficiency about corticosteroids. Which statement by the client indicates a need for additional teaching?

"I may stop taking this medication when I feel better."

A nurse is caring for a client who was recently diagnosed with hyperparathyroidism. Which statement by the client indicates the need for additional discharge teaching?

"I will increase my fluid and calcium intake."

A nursing student asks the instructor why the pituitary gland is called the "master gland." What is the best response by the instructor?

"It regulates the function of other endocrine glands."

Which of the following is a clinical manifestation of hypothyroidism?

A pulse rate below 60 beats/minute.

The nurse is reviewing a client's laboratory studies and determines that the client has an elevated calcium level. What does the nurse know will occur as a result of the rise in the serum calcium level?

A rise in serum calcium stimulates the release of calcitonin from the thyroid gland.

Which of the following would the nurse expect to find in a client with severe hyperthyroidism?

Exophthalmos

A woman with a progressively enlarging neck comes into the clinic. She mentions that she has been in a foreign country for the previous 3 months and that she didn't eat much while she was there because she didn't like the food. She also mentions that she becomes dizzy when lifting her arms to do normal household chores or when dressing. What endocrine disorder should the nurse expect the physician to diagnose?

Goiter

A nurse is caring for a client in addisonian crisis. Which medication order should the nurse question?

Potassium chloride

Which of the following hormones would the nurse identify as being secreted by the thyroid gland?

Thyroxine

Which diagnostic test is done to determine suspected pituitary tumor?

computed tomography scan

During a client education session, the nurse describes the mechanism of hormone level maintenance. What causes most hormones to be secreted?

decrease in hormonal levels

A nurse is assessing a client with possible Cushing's syndrome. In a client with Cushing's syndrome, the nurse expects to find:

deposits of adipose tissue in the trunk and dorsocervical area.

A client with Cushing's syndrome is admitted to the medical-surgical unit. During the admission assessment, the nurse notes that the client is agitated and irritable, has poor memory, reports loss of appetite, and appears disheveled. These findings are consistent with:

depression.

Cardiac effects of hyperthyroidism include

palpitations.

During a follow-up visit to the physician, a client with hyperparathyroidism asks the nurse to explain the physiology of the parathyroid glands. The nurse states that these glands produce parathyroid hormone (PTH). PTH maintains the balance between calcium and:

phosphorus.

A client is admitted to an acute care facility with a tentative diagnosis of hypoparathyroidism. The nurse should monitor the client closely for the related problem of:

profound neuromuscular irritability.

A nurse is caring for a client with a kidney disorder. What hormone released by the kidneys initiates the production of angiotensin and aldosterone to increase blood pressure and blood volume?

renin

A nurse is instructing a client with newly diagnosed hypoparathyroidism about the regimen used to treat this disorder. The nurse should state that the physician probably will order daily supplements of calcium and:

vitamin D.

The nurse assesses a patient who has an obvious goiter. What type of deficiency does the nurse recognize is most likely the cause of this?

Iodine

A client has been experiencing a decrease in serum calcium. After diagnostics, the physician proposes the calcium level fluctuation is due to altered parathyroid function. What is the typical number of parathyroid glands?

four

For the first 72 hours after thyroidectomy surgery, a nurse should assess a client for Chvostek's sign and Trousseau's sign because they indicate:

hypocalcemia.

Before undergoing a subtotal thyroidectomy, a client receives potassium iodide (Lugol's solution) and propylthiouracil (PTU). The nurse should expect the client's symptoms to subside:

in 1 to 2 weeks.

Although not designated as endocrine glands, several organs within the body secrete hormones as part of their normal function. Which organ secretes hormones involved in increasing blood pressure and volume and maturation of red blood cells?

kidneys

A client is undergoing diagnostics for an alteration in thyroid function. What physiologic function is affected by altered thyroid function?

metabolic rate

A young client has a significant height deficit and is to be evaluated for diagnostic purposes. What could be the cause of this client's disorder?

pituitary disorder

A client with Addison's disease comes to the clinic for a follow-up visit. When assessing this client, the nurse should stay alert for signs and symptoms of:

sodium and potassium abnormalities.

During preoperative teaching for a client who will undergo subtotal thyroidectomy, the nurse should include which statement?

"You must avoid hyperextending your neck after surgery."

What clinical manifestations does the nurse recognize would be associated with a diagnosis of hyperthyroidism? (Select all that apply.)

- An elevated systolic blood pressure - Muscular fatigability - Weight loss.

A client has been diagnosed with myxedema from long-standing hypothyroidism. What clinical manifestations of this disorder does the nurse recognize are progressing to myxedema coma? Select all that apply.

- Hypothermia - Hypotension - Hypoventilation

The nurse is aware that the best time of day for the total large corticosteroid dose is between:

7:00 AM and 8:00 AM

After a thyroidectomy, the client develops a carpopedal spasm while the nurse is taking a BP reading on the left arm. Which action by the nurse is appropriate?

Administer IV calcium gluconate as ordered.

Before discharge, what should a nurse instruct a client with Addison's disease to do when exposed to periods of stress?

Administer hydrocortisone I.M.

A client with a history of hypertension is diagnosed with primary hyperaldosteronism. This diagnosis indicates that the client's hypertension is caused by excessive hormone secretion from which gland?

Adrenal cortex

What is the most common cause of hyperaldosteronism?

An adrenal adenoma

A nurse is assessing a client with Cushing's syndrome. Which observation should the nurse report to the physician immediately?

An irregular apical pulse

During the first 24 hours after a client is diagnosed with addisonian crisis, which intervention should the nurse perform frequently?

Assess vital signs.

A nurse is assigned to care for a patient with increased parathormone secretion. Which of the following serum levels should the nurse monitor for this patient?

Calcium

megalyEvaluation of an adult client reveals oversecretion of growth hormone. Which of the following would the nurse expect to find?

Bulging forehead

A patient who is postoperative day 1 following neck dissection surgery has rung his call bell complaining of numb fingers, stiff hands, and a tingling sensation in his lips and around his mouth. The nurse should anticipate that this patient may require the IV administration of:

Calcium gluconate

Accidental removal of one or both parathyroid glands can occur during a thyroidectomy. Which of the following is used to treat tetany?

Calcium gluconate

Trousseau's sign is elicited by which of the following?

Carpopedal spasm is induced by occluding the blood flow to the arm for 3 minutes with the use of a blood pressure cuff.

A client, aged 84 who is experiencing cognitive decline, is scheduled for a diagnostic test. Which action by the nurse reflects best practice when recording the client's drug history before the diagnostic test?

Consulting with the client's family or caregiver to confirm the information.

Undersecretion of thyroid hormone during fetal and neonatal development can cause which of the following?

Cretinism

A nurse is planning care for a client in acute addisonian crisis. Which nursing diagnosis should receive the highest priority?

Decreased cardiac output

A client sustained a head injury when falling off of a ladder. While in the hospital, the client begins voiding large amounts of clear urine and states he is very thirsty. The client states that he feels weak, and he has had an 8-lb weight loss since admission. What should the client be tested for?

Diabetes insipidus (DI)

Which of the following nursing action would the nurse include when caring for a client with endemic goiter and experiencing respiratory symptoms?

Elevating the head of the bed.

A nurse is preparing to palpate a client's thyroid gland. Which action by the nurse is appropriate?

Encircle the client's neck with both hands, have the client slightly extend his neck, and ask him to swallow.

A group of students are reviewing material about endocrine system function. The students demonstrate understanding of the information when they identify which of the following as secreted by the adrenal medulla?

Epinephrine

A nurse should perform which intervention for a client with Cushing's syndrome?

Explain that the client's physical changes are a result of excessive corticosteroids.

A client with Addison's disease has a blood glucose level above 80 mg/dL 30 minutes after receiving 15 g of carbohydrates for symptoms of hypoglycemia. Which of the following would the nurse do now?

Give the client milk and graham crackers.

Which of the following precautions would be most appropriate when caring for a client being treated with radioactive iodine (RAI) for a thyroid tumor?

Handle body fluids carefully.

A client with a history of Addison's disease and flulike symptoms accompanied by nausea and vomiting over the past week is brought to the facility. His wife reports that he acted confused and was extremely weak when he awoke that morning. The client's blood pressure is 90/58 mm Hg, his pulse is 116 beats/minute, and his temperature is 101° F (38.3° C). A diagnosis of acute adrenal insufficiency is made. What should the nurse expect to administer by I.V. infusion?

Hydrocortisone

Which condition should a nurse expect to find in a client diagnosed with hyperparathyroidism?

Hypercalcemia

The nurse is aware that the clinical symptoms of a patient with hypoparathyroidism are the result of the initial physiological response of:

Hypocalcemia.

A client with acromegaly has been given the option of a surgical approach or a medical approach. The client decides to have a surgical procedure to remove the pituitary gland. What does the nurse understand this surgical procedure is called?

Hypophysectomy

Which is a complication of hyperthyroidism?

Hypothyroidism

Which nursing diagnosis takes highest priority for a client with hyperthyroidism?

Imbalanced nutrition: Less than body requirements related to thyroid hormone excess

When reviewing laboratory results for a patient with a possible diagnosis of hypoparathyroidism, the nurse knows that this condition is characterized by which of the following?

Inadequate secretion of parathormone

A client is suspected to have a pituitary tumor due to signs of diabetes insipidus. What initial test does the nurse help to prepare the client for?

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

A client is receiving long-term treatment with high-dose corticosteroids. Which of the following would the nurse expect the client to exhibit?

Moon face

A patient with a history of hypothyroidism is admitted to the intensive care unit unconscious and with a temperature of 95.2ºF. A family member informs the nurse that the patient has not taken thyroid medication in over 2 months. What does the nurse suspect that these findings indicate?

Myxedema coma

Which assessment would a nurse perform on a client with Cushing's syndrome who is at high risk of developing a peptic ulcer?

Observe stool color.

A client is experiencing gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding from ruptured esophageal varices. What medication does the nurse prepare for administration that mimics the actions of somatostatin that will reduce the GI bleeding?

Octreotide (Sandostatin)

A nurse explains to a client with thyroid disease that the thyroid gland normally produces:

T3, thyroxine (T4), and calcitonin.

Which action would be most appropriate when evaluating a client's neck for thyroid enlargement?

Palpate the thyroid gland gently.

A client has a dysfunction in one of his glands that is causing a decrease in the level of calcium in the blood. What gland should be evaluated for dysfunction?

Parathyroid gland

During an assessment of a patient with SIADH, the nurse notes the unexpected result of:

Pitting edema in the lower extremities.

While assessing a client with hypoparathyroidism, the nurse taps the client's facial nerve and observes twitching of the mouth and tightening of the jaw. The nurse would document this finding as which of the following?

Positive Chvostek's sign

The nurse assesses a patient who has been diagnosed with Addison's disease. Which of the following is a diagnostic sign of this disease?

Potassium of 6.0 mEq/L

The nurse is administering a medication to a client with hyperthyroidism to block the production of thyroid hormone. The client is not a candidate for surgical intervention at this time. What medication should the nurse administer to the client?

Propylthiouracil (PTU)

The nurse is reviewing the plan of care for a client with a disorder of the thyroid gland. Which diagnostic test would the nurse expect the physician to order to evaluate thyroid hormones?

Radioimmunoassay

A client is admitted for treatment of the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH). Which nursing intervention is appropriate?

Restricting fluids

Patients with hyperthyroidism are characteristically:

Sensitive to heat

A client is admitted to the health care facility for evaluation for Addison's disease. Which laboratory test result best supports a diagnosis of Addison's disease?

Serum potassium level of 5.8 mEq/L

A client has a decreased level of thyroid hormone being excreted. What will the feedback loop do to maintain the level of thyroid hormone required to maintain homeostatic stability?

Stimulate more hormones using the negative feedback system

A postpartum client is receiving intravenous oxytocin (Pitocin) after birth. Why will this medication be used for this client after the birth of her child?

Stimulates the contraction of the uterus and prevents bleeding

Beta-blockers are used in the treatment of hyperthyroidism to counteract which of the following effects?

Sympathetic

The nurse on the telemetry floor is caring for a patient with long-standing hypothyroidism who has been taking synthetic thyroid hormone replacement sporadically. What is a priority that the nurse monitors for in this patient?

Symptoms of acute coronary syndrome

Dilutional hyponatremia occurs in which disorder?

Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH)

A nurse is caring for a female client with hypothyroidism. The client is extremely upset about her altered physical appearance. She doesn't want to take her medication because she doesn't believe it's doing any good. What should the nurse do?

Tell the client she'll soon experience improvement in her looks as the medication corrects her hormone deficiency.

A client is scheduled for a diagnostic test to measure blood hormone levels. The nurse expects that this test will determine which of the following?

The functioning of endocrine glands

A patient taking corticosteroids for exacerbation of Crohn's disease comes to the clinic and informs the nurse that he wants to stop taking them because of the increase in acne and moon face. What can the nurse educate the patient regarding these symptoms?

The moon face and acne will resolve when the medication is tapered off.

When describing the difference between endocrine and exocrine glands, which of the following would the instructor include as characteristic of endocrine glands?

The secretions are released directly into the blood stream.

A nurse caring for a patient with diabetes insipidus is reviewing the patient's laboratory results. What is an expected urinalysis finding?

Urine specific gravity of 1.001 to 1.005

Which hormone is secreted by the posterior pituitary?

Vasopressin

A nurse is assessing a client with hyperthyroidism. What findings should the nurse expect?

Weight loss, nervousness, and tachycardia

When assessing a client with pheochromocytoma, a tumor of the adrenal medulla that secretes excessive catecholamine, the nurse is most likely to detect:

a blood pressure of 176/88 mm Hg.

A nurse is caring for a client with diabetes insipidus. The nurse should anticipate administering:

vasopressin (Pitressin).