Chapter 6
What are the 2 layers of the integument system?
epidermis and dermis
the hair follicle surrounds the hair _______
root
waterproof protective covering composed of sebum and slougphed off cells
vernix caseosa
sweat is composed of 99% ______ and 1% of other chemicals such as electrolytes, salts, and waste products (urea)
water
potential complications of a wound under repair include ______ loss and _________
water, infection
cholececalciferol is also called vitamin ______
D3
the active form of vitamin D
calcitrol
what tissue is the dermis made of?
dense irregular connective tissue
nerve fibers in the skin monitor sensory receptors in the ______ and _______
epidermis, dermis
layer of embryonic cells that develops into the dermis
messenchyme
______ nerve fibers control blood flow and gland secretion
motor
dome shaped lesions filled with white blood cells, dead skin cells and bacteria
pustule
the major functions of merocrine sweat glands are ________ and __________ and ___________
secretion, protection, thermoregulation
because skin can absorb some substances and block others it is called ________ permeable
selectively
coiled, tubular glands are _______ glands that secrete that produce cloudy, sticky, secretion that bacteria love to feed on producing an odor
apocrine
in the dermis of the skin, _______ fibers impart tensile strength while ______ fibers allow some stretch
collagen, elastic
a sebaceous gland's ducts plugged with sebum
comedo
another name for the skin is the _________ membrane
cutaneous
what is another name for integument besides skin?
cutaneous membrane
the first 2 superficial strata of integument system contain living or dead cells?
dead
because an entire portion of skin has been lost, and water can't be retained in the area, a major concern for 3rd degree burns is ________
dehydration
in addition to keratinocytes, the stratum spinosum also contains another epidermal cell type called epidermal ______ cells. These cells are ______ cells that help fight the invasion of microbes.
dendtric, immune
as a result of aging sweat production _________
diminishes
in the second step of wound healing, a blood clot temporarily patches the ______ of the wound together and acts as a barrier to prevent the entry of _______ into the body
edges, pathogens
the substances that make sweat feel gritty are water _____ and _______
salts, urea
sebaceous glands produce an oil called ________
sebum
______ nerve fibers detect pressure, vibration and cold
sensory
epidermal dendritic cells are found in the stratum ______ and stratum _______
spinosum, granulosum
_______ cell carinoma is restricted to sun exposed areas of the skin
squamous
deep to the dermis is what layer of the integument?
subcutaneous layer
major functions of merocrine sweat glands are secretion, protection and _________
thermoregulation
friction ridges assume the shapes of complex arches and whorls in _______ skin
thick
the release of water vapor from sweat glands when we are not sweating is a process called ________
transpiration
a possible description of skin's form and function include, barrier, self-renewing, and indicator of health: true or false
true
in first degree burns, the healing time averages about 3-5 days, and typically no scarring results. true or false
true
the thickness of integument ranges between ____ mm and ______ mm
1.5, 4
cut blood vessels bleed into the wound is the ______ stage of wound healing
1st
migration of a keratinocyte from the stratum basale to the stratum corneum takes about _______ weeks
2
a blood clot forms and prevents pathogens from entering and leukocytes clean the wound is the ______ stage of wound healing (inflammatory phase)
2nd
blood vessels regrow and granulation tissue forms is the ______ stage of wound healing (proliferative phase)
3rd
keratinocytes of the epidermis are usually present for about ______ weeks
4
epithelium regenerates and connective tissue fibrosis occurs (remodeling phase) is the _____ stage of wound healing
4th
integument is between _____ % and ______% of human body weight
7, 8
active phase of hair growth is the ______ phase
anagen
_____ glands are found in axillae, around nipples, and groin
apocrine
______ cell carcinoma is the most common form of skin cancer
basal
in the 4th step of wound healing the stratum ______ regenerates as the epidermis is regenerated
basale
in the first step of wound healing, cut blood vessels release _________ into the wound
blood
in the nails the lunula appear whitish because a thickened stratum basale obscures the underlying _______
blood vessels
brief regression phase of hair growth where cell division ceases is called the ______ phase
catagen
waterproof earwax that traps foreign material is called _______
cerumen
________ glands are modified merocrine glands located in the external acoustic meatus
ceruminous
the cells of a hair follicle's walls are organized into 2 principle concentric layers an outer _______ tissue root sheath, and an inner _______ tissue root sheath
connective, epithelial
layers of stratum layers in order from the most superficial layer are: stratum _______, stratum _______, stratum _______, stratum ________ and stratum _______
corneum, lucida, granulosum, spinosum, basale
in thick skin, the layers of epidermis that contain dead keratinocytes are the stratum _______ and stratum ________
corneum, lucidum
a fluid filled nodule that can become severely inflamed and painful and can lead to scarring
cyst
the ______ is deep to the epidermis and ranges between 0.5-3.0 mm in thickness
dermis
sebaceous glands are most abundant on the _______ and ________
face, scalp
in the third step of wound healing, _______ produce new collagen in the region
fibroblasts
the term for the process of scar tissue forming is _______
fibrosis
this process occurs when organ is too damaged to repair, and a gap is filled with scar tissue composed primarily of collagen produced by fibroblasts
fibrosis
which strata layer contains epidermal dendritic cells: strata _______
granulosum
in thin and thick skin the layers that contain living cells are stratum ________, stratum _________ and stratum _________
granulosum, spinosum, basale
some integumentary system components are not repaired following damage; these include _______ follicles, ________ glands, _______ cells and muscle fibers
hair, exocrine, nerve
Some structures are not repaired following damage: ______ follicles, _______ glands, _______ cells, and _____ _____ muscle cells
hair, exocrine, nerve, arrector pili
the amount of melanin in the skin is determined by both _______ and ______ exposure
heredity, sun
sebaceous glands are _______ glands that produce sebum usually discharged into a hair follicle and onto hair itself
holocrine
the subcutaneous layer is also known as the _________ or superficial fascia
hypodermis
the loss of fluid by evaporation through the stratum corneum is called ________ perspiration
insensible
to infold or insert a structure within itself
invaginated
the cells of the stratum corneum contain large amounts of the protein _________
keratin
within the stratum granulosum begins a process called _______ by which the keratinocytes fill up with the protein _______
keratinization, keratin
what tissue is the epidermis made of?
keratinized, stratified squamous epithelium
the deeper 3 layers of strata are composed of what living cells
keratinocytes
modified apocrine glands of the breast are called _______ glands
mammary
gray hair results from the gradual reduction of ______ production within the hair follicle, while white hair signifies the lack of _______ entirely
melanin, melanin
most deadly type of skin cancer is called malignant ________
melanoma
most numerous glands found in the body
merocrine
layer of cells covering the developing embryonic epithelium
periderm
in the third step of wound healing, the cut blood vessels ________ and grow in the wound
regenerate
replacement of damaged cells to restore organ function is called _______
regeneration
the 2 ways tissues are repaired are ______ and _______
regeneration, fibrosis
damaged tissues are normally repaired one of two ways: ________ and ________ formation
regeneration, scar
sweat produced by merocrine glands is described as ______ perspiration, which is responsible for cooling our skin
sensible
this layer of skin acts as an energy reservoir, protects the body, and provides thermal insulation
subcutaneous layer
sweat glands are also called ________ glands
sudoriferous
thick skin houses ______ _______ but has no ______ follicles or _______ glands
sweat glands, hair, sebaceous
thin skin has ______ glands, _______ follicles, and ________ glands
sweat, hair, sebaceous
the skin houses 2 types of exocrine glands: _________ glands and _______ glands
sweat, sebaceous
resting phase of hair growth when hair is shed is the ______ phase
telogen
lines of cleavage are also called _______ lines
tension
in the first step of wound healing, the blood brings clotting proteins, white blood cells and antibodies. true or false
true
the subcutaneous layer is made of ________ tissue and _______ connective tissue
areolar, adipose