Chapter 6

Hayley had an insecure attachment to her mother at 12 months, but her mother became more competent at parenting between 12 and 24 months and showed a higher degree of sensitivity and responsiveness. Based on the longitudinal study of Belsky and Fearon (2002), we would expect that ____.

Hayley's attachment security and social competence would increase with time Research by Belsky and Fearon showed that insecurely attached children who had highly sensitive mothers at 24 months had stronger developmental outcomes than securely attached children who had insensitive mothers at 24 months, indicating that the course of development depended more on changes in parenting behavior than on the original attachment classification.

________________ refers to the way that adults in societies gradually communicate the rules of the family and society.

Socialization Socialization is the process by which parents and other adults teach children what behaviors are appropriate or inappropriate in their family and culture.

Occasionally toddlers get into a conflict over a toy, at which point it is probably best for caregivers to find satisfactory toys for both children. Which type of play is least likely to result in this kind of conflict?

Solitary play Solitary play means children playing all by themselves.

Each of the following is an emotional display pattern that develops between 4 and 6 months except _____.

active withdrawal The fourth distinctive emotional display pattern is passive withdrawal, shown by irritable vocalizations, sad facial expressions, and indicators of stress such as spitting up or hiccupping.

Infants' expression of separation anxiety and stranger anxiety reflects cognitive advances including _________.

advances in memory allowing them to compare past and present situations/people and find the present situation or person unacceptable Improvements in memory allow infants to retrieve familiar faces from memory and compare them to the face of a stranger.

Kagan and colleagues obtained evidence that a central characteristic of adults with a history of behavioral inhibition in childhood is _____.

an over-reactive amygdala The amygdala is involved in a series of cascading biological influences that end up affecting physiological responses such as heart rate, cortisol, and so on.

All of the following are aspects of the temperamental dimension positive emotionality except ____________.

behavioral inhibitionBehavioral inhibition is associated with negative emotionality

A fussy infant receives more attempts from parents to soothe her than a less fussy infant. This is a possible example of a(n) ________ on temperament.

bidirectional effect of genes and environment Her genetic temperament influences her behavior, which influences her parents' behavior, which influences her future emotional responses.

Studies of environmental stressors in families' lives reveal that attachment classification _____.

can become more or less secure as the amount of stress in families' lives changes Longitudinal studies have found that the caregiver-child attachment relationship changes over time in association with increases or decreases in the number of stressful events occurring in the family's environment.

Because of substantial research into ASD, it is now viewed as a disorder caused by ________ that lead(s) to deviations in brain development occurring in the first 2 years after birth.

diverse but not fully understood biological factors Although the precise cause of ASD is unknown, the consensus is that the disorder is biologically based.

Between 6 and 12 months, infants need help with ________, but during the second year, toddlers develop more strategies due to increasing cognitive skills as well as encouragement from adults.

emotional regulation Emotional regulation refers to adjusting or controlling emotional reactions in order to achieve one's goals, which toddlers are learning to do on their own.

A toddler shows a sad look and pats her mother on the arm after she witnesses her mother hurt her finger. This reflects the self-conscious emotion _____.

empathy Empathy is the ability to feel an emotion similar to one another person is experiencing.

Experimental evidence of ________________ was provided by the study showing that securely attached infants looked longer when a "mother" ball moved away from a crying "baby" ball, whereas insecurely attached infants looked longer when the "mother" ball moved back to the "baby" ball.

internal working models of the attachment figure's responsiveness The study provides support for the notion that infants understand (i.e., they have an internal working model of) how an adult attachment figure should respond to a crying baby by 12 months.

Each of the following is a potential predictor of disorganized attachment at 12 months except _____.

parenting that is sometimes sensitive/responsive and sometimes not Caregivers of insecure-ambivalent infants tend to be inconsistent—sometimes they respond, but sometimes they ignore the baby's needs, and they often fail to provide comfort in response to distress.

Improved understanding and early diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is occurring because researchers have identified specific aspects of social behavior or social understanding that are missing or delayed in children with autism. Examples of these missing or delayed behaviors or understanding include each of the following except _____.

playing with objects Children with ASD generally prefer interacting with objects over people.

Researchers interested in learning if the changes in infants' understanding of their own and others' communication and social goals at the end of the first year are universal studied infants ages 9 to 12 months in rural areas in Canada, Peru, and India. These researchers noted that infants in all three cultures engaged in the following behaviors at similar ages except ________.

pretend play The researchers detected cultural differences in later-developing social and cognitive skills such as pretend play and understanding of pictures.

In a classic series of studies that illustrate goodness of fit in action, Dutch researchers provided sensitivity and responsiveness training for some mothers of irritable infants, which resulted in greater levels of ________ among the children.

secure attachment The results of the Dutch study revealed a much higher rate of secure attachment in the intervention group.

According to Bowlby, anyone who regularly cares for an infant will come to be recognized as a ________, a safe place from which to explore and return for physical and emotional comfort.

secure base Bowlby's concept of the secure base means that the infant uses the primary caregiver as a base for exploration as well as a source of physical and emotional comfort.

The classic study conducted in two types of kibbutz facilities in Israel revealed ________ was related to the achievement of a secure attachment.

that time spent together at night The results of the study suggest that the time parents and infants spend together at night is important in the development of a secure attachment.

The advent of ________ initiates true social coordination in which parent and infant exchange looks and facial expressions.

the social smile Soon after the social smile emerges, infants and caregivers exchange expressions, such as vocalizing and smiling, and are able to recognize and share the positive emotional state of the other person.