Chapter 6 Cardiovascular
_____ is the major cholesterol carrier in the blood, and is also known as "bad" cholesterol.
LDL
Arteries continue to divide into smaller and smaller arteries, and eventually into vessels called _____, the smallest arteries.
arterioles
In _____, artery walls thicken and become hard and inflexible.
arteriosclerosis
At birth, the ductus _____ normally closes.
arteriosus
A fibrous _____ is characterized by the accumulation of lipids and formation of scar tissue, that begins as a white gray thickening of the inner lining of the artery.
atheromatous plaque
Listening through a stethoscope for abnormal heart sounds is an example of _____.
auscultation
Heart muscle is influenced by the _____ nervous system and hormones such as epinephrine.
autonomic
Blockage of the _____ can reduce blood supply to the brain, causing a stroke.
carotid arteries
Occlusion of a coronary artery may result in _____.
chest pain
The primary symptom of peripheral artery disease is intermittent _____, or pain with walking.
claudication
One of the most devastating signs of CHD is a heart attack, also known as a myocardial _____.
infarction
The clamping of the umbilical cord and removal from the placental circulation causes an increase in _____ pressure.
left ventricular
Cholesterol is transported throughout the systemic circulation by transport proteins called _____.
lipoproteins
One of the symptoms of CHD is _____, a sensation of a rapid pounding hearbeat.
palpitations
Hardening of the arteries in the legs is known as _____ vascular disease.
peripheral
Accumulation of LDL forms a _____ or thick hard deposit that narrows arteries and impedes blood flow.
plaque
Valvular insufficiency or _____ refers to a valve that allows backward flow of blood within the heart.
regurgitation
The valve between the right atrium and right ventricle is named because it has _____.
three cusps
The _____ valve lies between the right atrium and the right ventricle.
tricuspid
Compression sclerotherapy is a treatment used for _____.
varicose veins
In Raynaud's disease, the arteries suddenly contract, a phenomenon called _____.
vasospasm
Endocarditis _____ consists of the infectious organisms and cellular debris enmeshed in a fibrous clot.
vegetation
Acute forms of endocarditis involve the formation of nodules, or _____.
vegetations
The superior and inferior _____ deliver systemic blood to the right atrium.
venae cavae
The supraventricular arrhythmias do NOT include arrhythmias generated in the _____.
ventricular conduction system
More than 90% of persons with CHD have coronary atherosclerosis.
True
Patients with severe cardiomyopathy my undergo a heart transplant.
True
Risk factors for myocarditis include viral and bacterial infections.
True
Some of the symptoms of Tetralogy of Fallot is difficulty eating, failure to gain weight, and poor development.
True
The danger of an aneurysm is the tendency to increase in size and rupture.
True
The most common cause of arteriosclerosis is atherosclerosis.
True
The signs and symptoms of congestive heart failure include ankle swelling and shortness of
True
The walls of arteries are muscular, thick, strong, elastic, and are lined with endothelium.
True
There are two types of cardiac arrhythmias, supraventricular and ventricular.
True
Treatment for Raynaud's disease is aimed at reducing triggers for the symptoms.
True
Treatment for congestive heart failure cannot cure or reverse the condition.
True
_____ is an abnormally low heart rate less than 50 beats per minute.
Bradycardia
Ultrasound and angiography will confirm the diagnosis of peripheral artery disease.
True
Ventricular arrhythmias are more serious and potentially life threatening than other types of arrhythmias.
True
Abnormal heart rhythms, or _____, develop from irregularity in impulse generation and impulse conduction.
arrhythmias
_____ is an infection of the endocardium and heart valves.
Endocarditis
Hypertension is broadly defined as an arterial pressure greater than _____ on at least three consecutive measures.
140/90
Ventricular hypertrophy is the dominant feature of _____ cardiomyopathy.
Hypertrophic
_____ is a nonsurgical procedure using a catheter inserted into the heart and directs energy to sever the area causing the abnormal rhythm.
Ablation
_____ is a procedure used to open a partly occluded artery.
Angioplasty
_____ cardiomyopathy is the most common cause of sudden cardiac death among young people.
Hypertrophic
_____ is a thickening, narrowing, and hardening of the arteries.
Atherosclerosis
_____ is the most common heart rhythm disorder.
Atrial fibrillation
_____ samples the blood in each heart chamber for oxygen content and pressure.
Cardiac catheterization
_____ is a disorder in which the heart becomes weakened and enlarged or rigid.
Cardiomyopathy
_____ of the aorta is a congenital narrowing of the aorta that can occur anywhere along its length.
Coarctation
_____ heart failure is a chronic and progressive reduction in the ability of the heart to pump blood.
Congestive
_____ employs an injected contrast material that permits imaging of blood vessel function.
Coronary arteriography
_____ cardiomyopathy is the most common form of all cardiomyopathies.
Dilated
_____ utilizes high-frequency sound waves to examine the size, shape, and motion of heart structures.
Echocardiography
A ventricular septal defect is one of the four abnormalities found in congestive heart failure.
False
Aneurysms are caused by blood pooling within the veins because of decreased, stagnated blood flow.
False
Chronic venous insufficiency is a condition of poor venous blood return to the lower extremities.
False
Claudication, a clot within a blood vessel, forms because of ulceration and turbulent blood flow.
False
Coronary veins provide the heart muscle with a reliable blood supply.
False
In transposition of the great arteries, the pulmonary artery is attached to the right ventricle, and the aorta is attached to the left ventricle.
False
Kidney disease can result in primary hypertension.
False
Raynaud's disease is triggered by exposure to heat.
False
Symptoms of atherosclerosis do not appear until the interior of the vein is occluded.
False
The incidence of rheumatic fever is highest among the elderly 65 - 75 years of age.
False
The internal lining of the heart consists of a smooth, delicate membrane called the exocardium.
False
The mitral valve lies between the right atrium and left atrium.
False
Generally, the higher the level of _____, the lower the risk of coronary artery disease.
HDL
_____ describes elevated lipids (fat) in the blood.
Hyperlipidemia
_____ is a loss of blood and oxygen supply.
Ischemia
_____ is an inflammatory disease of the heart muscle.
Myocarditis
_____ cardiomyopathy is the least common form of cardiomyopathies, and is associated with reduced filling of the heart.
Restrictive
_____ fever is an autoimmune disease of heart tissue and heart valves.
Rheumatic
Lipids include cholesterol, phospholipids, and triglycerides.
True
_____ veins are small, dense networks of veins that appear as red or blue discolorations on the skin.
Spider
_____ refers to a narrowing of the valves opening.
Stenosis
_____, or lightheadedness, is a symptom of cardiac rhythm disorders.
Syncope
_____ is a sustained heart rate greater than 100 beats per minute.
Tachycardia
_____ of Fallot is one of the most serious of the congenital heart defects and consists of four abnormalities.
Tetralogy
A symptom of infective endocarditis includes a change in the sound or character of a heart murmur.
True
An EKG can aid in identifying abnormalities in heart rate and rhythm, as well as areas of damaged heart tissue.
True
Any condition that reduces the heart's ability to pump effectively or decrease venous return
True
Arterioles can change their diameter by constricting or dilating, which alters blood flow to the tissues.
True
Arterioles lead into capillaries, the connecting link between arteries and veins.
True
Blood flows through two routes: the systemic circulation and the pulmonary circulation.
True
Coronary heart disease is the leading cause of death worldwide.
True
Corrective surgery within the first two to three weeks of life is essential for transposition of the great arteries condition.
True
Endocarditis does not affect a healthy heart.
True
Fat in the human body takes the form of triglycerides.
True
Fetal circulation is anatomically different than postnatal circulation.
True
Heart block occurs when the atria and ventricles contract independent of each other.
True
Hypertension is the most common cardiovascular disorder.
True
Infants born with Down syndrome and Turner syndrome have an increased risk for congenital heart disease.
True
_____ veins are dilated, distorted veins that usually develop in the superficial veins of the leg.
Varicose
_____ is a life-threatening emergency, a form of cardiac arrest.
Ventricular fibrillation
The most common cause of CVI is _____.
a thrombosis
An aortic _____ is an abnormal dilation of the aorta.
aneurysm
Symptoms of CHD include chest pain, or _____ pectoris.
angina
A stent is a cylindrical wire mesh that surrounds an _____.
angioplasty balloon
The filling period of the heart is known as the _____ phase.
diastolic
The pericardium is a _____.
double-layered membrane that encloses the heart
An _____ is an electrical recording of heart action and aids in the diagnosis of heart diseases.
electrocardiogram
A fatal complication of a thrombus is an _____, or clot that travels to vital organs such as the lungs.
emboli
Primary hypertension is also called _____ hypertension.
essential
Heart _____ is the most frequently reported hospital discharge diagnosis among older adults in the United States.
failure
The genetic form of hypercholesterolemia is _____ hypercholesterolemia.
familial
The simplest form of atherosclerosis is _____, which are thin, flat discolorations in the arteries that can enlarge and become thicker as they grow in length.
fatty streaks
In peripheral arterial disease, the most commonly affected arteries are the _____ arteries.
femoral and popliteal
Ventricular _____ is a disorganized, uncoordinated contraction of ventricles.
fibrillation
Raynaud's disease is a disorder of the arteries in the _____.
fingers and toes
After a child's birth, the decrease in right atrial and left atrial pressure produces closure of the _____ ovale.
foramen
A _____ aneurysm has a uniform shape, tapered at both ends, with symmetrical dilation.
fusiform
The risk factors for rheumatic fever include age and infection with _____.
group A hemolytic streptococci
The chamber walls of the heart consist of cardiac muscle known as _____.
myocardium
A _____ aneurysm appears as an out-pouching of a portion of the aortic wall.
saccular
In_____ hypertension, the elevation in blood pressure results from some other disease.
secondary
Partitions called the interatrial and interventricular _____ separate oxygenated blood from deoxygenated blood in the atria and ventricles, respectively.
septum
A small patch of tissue called the _____ acts as the pacemaker of the heart.
sinoatrial node
The contracting period of the heart is known as the _____ phase.
systolic
The signs and symptoms of rheumatic fever begin approximately 2 _____ following the infection.
weeks