Chapter 6 Cardiovascular

_____ is the major cholesterol carrier in the blood, and is also known as "bad" cholesterol.

LDL

Arteries continue to divide into smaller and smaller arteries, and eventually into vessels called _____, the smallest arteries.

arterioles

In _____, artery walls thicken and become hard and inflexible.

arteriosclerosis

At birth, the ductus _____ normally closes.

arteriosus

A fibrous _____ is characterized by the accumulation of lipids and formation of scar tissue, that begins as a white gray thickening of the inner lining of the artery.

atheromatous plaque

Listening through a stethoscope for abnormal heart sounds is an example of _____.

auscultation

Heart muscle is influenced by the _____ nervous system and hormones such as epinephrine.

autonomic

Blockage of the _____ can reduce blood supply to the brain, causing a stroke.

carotid arteries

Occlusion of a coronary artery may result in _____.

chest pain

The primary symptom of peripheral artery disease is intermittent _____, or pain with walking.

claudication

One of the most devastating signs of CHD is a heart attack, also known as a myocardial _____.

infarction

The clamping of the umbilical cord and removal from the placental circulation causes an increase in _____ pressure.

left ventricular

Cholesterol is transported throughout the systemic circulation by transport proteins called _____.

lipoproteins

One of the symptoms of CHD is _____, a sensation of a rapid pounding hearbeat.

palpitations

Hardening of the arteries in the legs is known as _____ vascular disease.

peripheral

Accumulation of LDL forms a _____ or thick hard deposit that narrows arteries and impedes blood flow.

plaque

Valvular insufficiency or _____ refers to a valve that allows backward flow of blood within the heart.

regurgitation

The valve between the right atrium and right ventricle is named because it has _____.

three cusps

The _____ valve lies between the right atrium and the right ventricle.

tricuspid

Compression sclerotherapy is a treatment used for _____.

varicose veins

In Raynaud's disease, the arteries suddenly contract, a phenomenon called _____.

vasospasm

Endocarditis _____ consists of the infectious organisms and cellular debris enmeshed in a fibrous clot.

vegetation

Acute forms of endocarditis involve the formation of nodules, or _____.

vegetations

The superior and inferior _____ deliver systemic blood to the right atrium.

venae cavae

The supraventricular arrhythmias do NOT include arrhythmias generated in the _____.

ventricular conduction system

More than 90% of persons with CHD have coronary atherosclerosis.

True

Patients with severe cardiomyopathy my undergo a heart transplant.

True

Risk factors for myocarditis include viral and bacterial infections.

True

Some of the symptoms of Tetralogy of Fallot is difficulty eating, failure to gain weight, and poor development.

True

The danger of an aneurysm is the tendency to increase in size and rupture.

True

The most common cause of arteriosclerosis is atherosclerosis.

True

The signs and symptoms of congestive heart failure include ankle swelling and shortness of

True

The walls of arteries are muscular, thick, strong, elastic, and are lined with endothelium.

True

There are two types of cardiac arrhythmias, supraventricular and ventricular.

True

Treatment for Raynaud's disease is aimed at reducing triggers for the symptoms.

True

Treatment for congestive heart failure cannot cure or reverse the condition.

True

_____ is an abnormally low heart rate less than 50 beats per minute.

Bradycardia

Ultrasound and angiography will confirm the diagnosis of peripheral artery disease.

True

Ventricular arrhythmias are more serious and potentially life threatening than other types of arrhythmias.

True

Abnormal heart rhythms, or _____, develop from irregularity in impulse generation and impulse conduction.

arrhythmias

_____ is an infection of the endocardium and heart valves.

Endocarditis

Hypertension is broadly defined as an arterial pressure greater than _____ on at least three consecutive measures.

140/90

Ventricular hypertrophy is the dominant feature of _____ cardiomyopathy.

Hypertrophic

_____ is a nonsurgical procedure using a catheter inserted into the heart and directs energy to sever the area causing the abnormal rhythm.

Ablation

_____ is a procedure used to open a partly occluded artery.

Angioplasty

_____ cardiomyopathy is the most common cause of sudden cardiac death among young people.

Hypertrophic

_____ is a thickening, narrowing, and hardening of the arteries.

Atherosclerosis

_____ is the most common heart rhythm disorder.

Atrial fibrillation

_____ samples the blood in each heart chamber for oxygen content and pressure.

Cardiac catheterization

_____ is a disorder in which the heart becomes weakened and enlarged or rigid.

Cardiomyopathy

_____ of the aorta is a congenital narrowing of the aorta that can occur anywhere along its length.

Coarctation

_____ heart failure is a chronic and progressive reduction in the ability of the heart to pump blood.

Congestive

_____ employs an injected contrast material that permits imaging of blood vessel function.

Coronary arteriography

_____ cardiomyopathy is the most common form of all cardiomyopathies.

Dilated

_____ utilizes high-frequency sound waves to examine the size, shape, and motion of heart structures.

Echocardiography

A ventricular septal defect is one of the four abnormalities found in congestive heart failure.

False

Aneurysms are caused by blood pooling within the veins because of decreased, stagnated blood flow.

False

Chronic venous insufficiency is a condition of poor venous blood return to the lower extremities.

False

Claudication, a clot within a blood vessel, forms because of ulceration and turbulent blood flow.

False

Coronary veins provide the heart muscle with a reliable blood supply.

False

In transposition of the great arteries, the pulmonary artery is attached to the right ventricle, and the aorta is attached to the left ventricle.

False

Kidney disease can result in primary hypertension.

False

Raynaud's disease is triggered by exposure to heat.

False

Symptoms of atherosclerosis do not appear until the interior of the vein is occluded.

False

The incidence of rheumatic fever is highest among the elderly 65 - 75 years of age.

False

The internal lining of the heart consists of a smooth, delicate membrane called the exocardium.

False

The mitral valve lies between the right atrium and left atrium.

False

Generally, the higher the level of _____, the lower the risk of coronary artery disease.

HDL

_____ describes elevated lipids (fat) in the blood.

Hyperlipidemia

_____ is a loss of blood and oxygen supply.

Ischemia

_____ is an inflammatory disease of the heart muscle.

Myocarditis

_____ cardiomyopathy is the least common form of cardiomyopathies, and is associated with reduced filling of the heart.

Restrictive

_____ fever is an autoimmune disease of heart tissue and heart valves.

Rheumatic

Lipids include cholesterol, phospholipids, and triglycerides.

True

_____ veins are small, dense networks of veins that appear as red or blue discolorations on the skin.

Spider

_____ refers to a narrowing of the valves opening.

Stenosis

_____, or lightheadedness, is a symptom of cardiac rhythm disorders.

Syncope

_____ is a sustained heart rate greater than 100 beats per minute.

Tachycardia

_____ of Fallot is one of the most serious of the congenital heart defects and consists of four abnormalities.

Tetralogy

A symptom of infective endocarditis includes a change in the sound or character of a heart murmur.

True

An EKG can aid in identifying abnormalities in heart rate and rhythm, as well as areas of damaged heart tissue.

True

Any condition that reduces the heart's ability to pump effectively or decrease venous return

True

Arterioles can change their diameter by constricting or dilating, which alters blood flow to the tissues.

True

Arterioles lead into capillaries, the connecting link between arteries and veins.

True

Blood flows through two routes: the systemic circulation and the pulmonary circulation.

True

Coronary heart disease is the leading cause of death worldwide.

True

Corrective surgery within the first two to three weeks of life is essential for transposition of the great arteries condition.

True

Endocarditis does not affect a healthy heart.

True

Fat in the human body takes the form of triglycerides.

True

Fetal circulation is anatomically different than postnatal circulation.

True

Heart block occurs when the atria and ventricles contract independent of each other.

True

Hypertension is the most common cardiovascular disorder.

True

Infants born with Down syndrome and Turner syndrome have an increased risk for congenital heart disease.

True

_____ veins are dilated, distorted veins that usually develop in the superficial veins of the leg.

Varicose

_____ is a life-threatening emergency, a form of cardiac arrest.

Ventricular fibrillation

The most common cause of CVI is _____.

a thrombosis

An aortic _____ is an abnormal dilation of the aorta.

aneurysm

Symptoms of CHD include chest pain, or _____ pectoris.

angina

A stent is a cylindrical wire mesh that surrounds an _____.

angioplasty balloon

The filling period of the heart is known as the _____ phase.

diastolic

The pericardium is a _____.

double-layered membrane that encloses the heart

An _____ is an electrical recording of heart action and aids in the diagnosis of heart diseases.

electrocardiogram

A fatal complication of a thrombus is an _____, or clot that travels to vital organs such as the lungs.

emboli

Primary hypertension is also called _____ hypertension.

essential

Heart _____ is the most frequently reported hospital discharge diagnosis among older adults in the United States.

failure

The genetic form of hypercholesterolemia is _____ hypercholesterolemia.

familial

The simplest form of atherosclerosis is _____, which are thin, flat discolorations in the arteries that can enlarge and become thicker as they grow in length.

fatty streaks

In peripheral arterial disease, the most commonly affected arteries are the _____ arteries.

femoral and popliteal

Ventricular _____ is a disorganized, uncoordinated contraction of ventricles.

fibrillation

Raynaud's disease is a disorder of the arteries in the _____.

fingers and toes

After a child's birth, the decrease in right atrial and left atrial pressure produces closure of the _____ ovale.

foramen

A _____ aneurysm has a uniform shape, tapered at both ends, with symmetrical dilation.

fusiform

The risk factors for rheumatic fever include age and infection with _____.

group A hemolytic streptococci

The chamber walls of the heart consist of cardiac muscle known as _____.

myocardium

A _____ aneurysm appears as an out-pouching of a portion of the aortic wall.

saccular

In_____ hypertension, the elevation in blood pressure results from some other disease.

secondary

Partitions called the interatrial and interventricular _____ separate oxygenated blood from deoxygenated blood in the atria and ventricles, respectively.

septum

A small patch of tissue called the _____ acts as the pacemaker of the heart.

sinoatrial node

The contracting period of the heart is known as the _____ phase.

systolic

The signs and symptoms of rheumatic fever begin approximately 2 _____ following the infection.

weeks