chapter 6 HEART

What is the most common heart rhythm​ disorder?

atrial fibrulation

In teaching a patient about the development of venous​ thrombosis, which statement would be​ correct? A. ​"Try to avoid too much fiber as it is known to increase the risk of venous​ thrombosis." B. ​"Being 75 years old puts one at increased risk of developing venous​ thrombosis." C. ​"Most individuals will have pain in the calf if a venous thrombosis develops in this​ area." D. ​"Excessive walking should be​ avoided, as it increases the risk of venous thrombosis​ formation."

"Being 75 years old puts one at increased risk of developing venous​ thrombosis."

What estimated percentage of adults over the age of 20 in the United States has high levels of​ low-density lipo-proteins​ (LDH)?

35%

______ occurs when increased levels of​ ______ build​ up, and cause plaque deposits within the walls of the coronary arteries

Atherosclerosis, cholesterol

What are the signs and symptoms of aortic​ stenosis?

Hypertrophy of the left ventricle and calcified deposits on the valve

Which statement is true regarding​ hypertension? A. It is the second most common cardiovascular disorder. B. Its most common symptom is headache. C. It affects about​ 30% of the adult population worldwide. D. It remains untreated or undertreated in the majority of affected individuals

It remains untreated or undertreated in the majority of affected individualsIt

What is the effect of​ low-density lipo-proteins on the​ arteries?

Narrowing of the arteries

Identify the key​ sign/symptom of pulmonary arterial​ hypertension?

asymptomatic

What intervention helps relieve symptoms of varicose​ veins?

elevate the legs when sitting

Identify the key manifestation of arterial hypertension

elevated blood pressure

Which statement is an accurate description of the basic physiology of​ shock? A. Shock is any condition that increases the​ heart's ability to pump effectively. B. Shock is the attempt of the body to correct metabolic imbalances. C. Shock is a​ life-threatening condition in which blood pressure drops too low to sustain life. D. Shock takes place when the heart is beating in a disorganized manner

Shock is a​ life-threatening condition in which blood pressure drops too low to sustain life

Which statement is accurate regarding the cardiac​ cycle? A. Systole is the relaxation of the heart chambers. B. The alternating relaxation and contraction of the atria and ventricles comprise the cardiac cycle. C. Diastole is the refilling of the heart chambers upon contraction. D. One cardiac cycle takes approximately eight seconds.

The alternating relaxation and contraction of the atria and ventricles comprise the cardiac cycle.Th

Which is a potentially fatal complication of venous​ thrombosis?

embolus

What causes varicose​ veins?

The pooling of blood within the veins due to​ decreased, stagnated blood flow

Which statement is true in regards to age and the cardiovascular​ system? A It is not known if there is a change in response of the cardiovascular system to increases in workload and stress with regards to age.It B. With​ age, the cardiovascular system is less able to respond to increases in workload and stress. C. With​ age, the cardiovascular system is better able to respond to increases in workload and stress. D. With​ age, the cardiovascular system responds to increases in workload and stress basically the same as in younger years.

With​ age, the cardiovascular system is less able to respond to increases in workload and stress.

What is a supraventricular​ arrhythmia?

an arrhythmia generated by electrical abnormalities in the sinoatrial (SA) node, atria, atrioventricular (AV) node, and junctional tissue in the heart

An allergic reaction to penicillin can cause which type of​ shock?

anaphylactic

What are the signs and symptoms of coronary artery​ disease?

angina​ pectoris, palpitations, and myocardial infarction

During normal fetal​ circulation, blood in the pulmonary artery enters which​ structure?

aorta

Arteriosclerosis is an etiology of which valvular heart​ disease?

aortic stenosis

Cellular, enzymatic, and molecular changes in the arterial vessels lead to which​ abnormality?

arterial dialation

Older age is an etiology of which cardiac​ disease?

arterial hypertension

Which blood vessel has the ability to change its diameter to dilate and contract in order to alter blood flow to the​ tissues?

arteriolear

What is the most common cause of​ arteriosclerosis?

artherosclerosis

Which diagnostic test provides a definitive diagnosis of causative organism of infective endocarditis of the heart​ valves?

blood culture

How may septal defects be​ diagnosed?

by auscultation of a heart murmur

Raynaud's disease is characterized by which​ symptoms?

cold, numb or tingling fingers

Which​ vessel(s) support(s) the heart with a reliable blood​ supply?

coronaries arteries

Which etiologies are associated with​ shock?

damage to the nervous system and trauma

What is the critical danger in occlusion of the carotid​ arteries?

decreased blood flow to the brain

Which etiology can be contributed to both supraventricular and ventricular​ arrhythmias?

drug abuse

Approximately how many infant births per​ 1,000 have some form of congenital heart​ disease?

eight

After​ birth, the decrease in right and left atrial pressure produces a closure of which​ structure(s)?

foramen ovale

Blood lipid and cholesterol levels are​ non-modifiable by which risk​ factor?

genetics

Extreme, persistent hypertension may cause which​ manifestations?

headache and dizziness

Which are known as the​ "good" cholesterol?

high-density lipoproteins

What is one cause of venous​ thrombosis?

hypercoagulability

Arteriosclerosis can lead to which​ manifestation?

hypertension

Hemorrhage, surgery, extensive​ burns, or trauma can cause which type of​ shock?

hypovolemic

What is the key feature of varicose​ veins?

incompetent valves

What role do triglycerides play in hyperlipidemia and​ atherosclerosis?

increases the risk for coronary artery disease

What is the primary symptom of peripheral arterial​ disease?

intermittent claudication

How does​ high-density lipoprotein function in the body to help prevent​ hyperlipidemia?

it helps carry cholesterol away from the arteries

Which statement is correct regarding​ arteriosclerosis? A. it leads to hypertension B. artery walls thicken and become soft C. artery walls become flexible D. is caused by minerals accumulating within the walls of the arteries

it leads to hypertension

Cord clamping and removal of the placental circulation cause an increase in pressure in which heart​ chamber?

left ventriclele

Which organ or system is least likely to be affected by​ long-term hypertension?

liver

What is the single most effective nondrug method to reduce blood​ pressure?

lose weight

During fetal​ circulation, the ductus arteriosus facilitates the bypass of blood to which anatomical​ structure?

lungs

Peripheral arterial disease occurs most commonly in which gender and age​ group?

men​ 70-80 years of age

The chamber walls of the heart consist of the heart​ muscle, also known as which​ structure?

myocardium

Identify the causes of arterial hypertension. A. ventricular septal​ defect, patent ductus​ arteriosus, unknown in many cases B. ​genetic, lifestyle, obesity and​ diabetes, diet high in saturated fat C. ​trauma, allergic reaction and​ drug, hemorrhage D. older​ age, sedentary​ lifestyle, overweight, excessive dietary salt​ intake, family history

older​ age, sedentary​ lifestyle, overweight, excessive dietary salt​ intake, family history

Which patient would be at greatest risk of developing a venous​ thrombosis? A. patient with numerous spider veins on the lower legs B. patient with infected ulcers on lower extremities C. patient who wears compression stockings D. patient on bedrest after abdominal surgery

patient on bedrest after abdominal surgery

What effect does age have on systolic blood​ pressure?

progressively increases

Which disease is​ asymptomatic? A. pulmonary arterial hypertension B. arterial hypertension C. aortic aneurysm D. varicose veins

pulmonary arterial hypertension

Which structure acts as the pacemaker of the​ heart?

sinoatrial node

Which manifestation may indicate venous​ thrombosis?

swelling

Which are the signs and symptoms of varicose​ veins?

swollen, twisted, and painful veins in the lower legs

Difficulty​ feeding, failure to gain​ weight, poor​ development, cyanosis, and fainting are signs and symptoms of which congenital heart​ defect?

tetralogy of Fallotte

What dysfunction is present when an individual has heart​ block?

the atria and ventricles contract independently of each otherth

Which action initiates the switch from placental to pulmonary oxygenation of​ blood? A. the​ baby's passage through the birth canal and the change in atmospheric pressure B. the baby takes its first breath and the lungs expand C. the semilunar pulmonary valve closes D. the pulmonary veins close

the baby takes its first breath and the lungs expandth

What causes septic​ shock?

toxins released by a bacterial infection

Which action can help reduce the risk of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular​ disease? A. increasing intake of low density lipoproteins B. smoking light cigarettes C. treating hypertension D. decreasing physical activity

treating hypertension

Signs and symptoms of rheumatic fever begin approximately​ _________ following a​ _________ infection?

two weeks, streptococcal

What is the etiology common to transposition of the great​ vessels, septal​ defects, patent ductus​ arteriosus, and coarctation of the​ aorta?

unknown

Which manifestation is present with acute infectious​ endocarditis?

vegetations

Which heart rhythm disorder is a form of cardiac arrest and a​ life-threatening emergency?

ventricular fibrulation

Identify the causes of pulmonary arterial hypertension

ventricular septal​ defect, patent ductus​ arteriosus, unknown in many cases

What class of drug can be used medically to close a patent ductus arteriosus​ (PDA)?

​​anti-inflammatories

What are the complications of varicose​ veins?

​​ulcers, infection, and hemorrhage