chapter 6 HEART
What is the most common heart rhythm disorder?
atrial fibrulation
In teaching a patient about the development of venous thrombosis, which statement would be correct? A. "Try to avoid too much fiber as it is known to increase the risk of venous thrombosis." B. "Being 75 years old puts one at increased risk of developing venous thrombosis." C. "Most individuals will have pain in the calf if a venous thrombosis develops in this area." D. "Excessive walking should be avoided, as it increases the risk of venous thrombosis formation."
"Being 75 years old puts one at increased risk of developing venous thrombosis."
What estimated percentage of adults over the age of 20 in the United States has high levels of low-density lipo-proteins (LDH)?
35%
______ occurs when increased levels of ______ build up, and cause plaque deposits within the walls of the coronary arteries
Atherosclerosis, cholesterol
What are the signs and symptoms of aortic stenosis?
Hypertrophy of the left ventricle and calcified deposits on the valve
Which statement is true regarding hypertension? A. It is the second most common cardiovascular disorder. B. Its most common symptom is headache. C. It affects about 30% of the adult population worldwide. D. It remains untreated or undertreated in the majority of affected individuals
It remains untreated or undertreated in the majority of affected individualsIt
What is the effect of low-density lipo-proteins on the arteries?
Narrowing of the arteries
Identify the key sign/symptom of pulmonary arterial hypertension?
asymptomatic
What intervention helps relieve symptoms of varicose veins?
elevate the legs when sitting
Identify the key manifestation of arterial hypertension
elevated blood pressure
Which statement is an accurate description of the basic physiology of shock? A. Shock is any condition that increases the heart's ability to pump effectively. B. Shock is the attempt of the body to correct metabolic imbalances. C. Shock is a life-threatening condition in which blood pressure drops too low to sustain life. D. Shock takes place when the heart is beating in a disorganized manner
Shock is a life-threatening condition in which blood pressure drops too low to sustain life
Which statement is accurate regarding the cardiac cycle? A. Systole is the relaxation of the heart chambers. B. The alternating relaxation and contraction of the atria and ventricles comprise the cardiac cycle. C. Diastole is the refilling of the heart chambers upon contraction. D. One cardiac cycle takes approximately eight seconds.
The alternating relaxation and contraction of the atria and ventricles comprise the cardiac cycle.Th
Which is a potentially fatal complication of venous thrombosis?
embolus
What causes varicose veins?
The pooling of blood within the veins due to decreased, stagnated blood flow
Which statement is true in regards to age and the cardiovascular system? A It is not known if there is a change in response of the cardiovascular system to increases in workload and stress with regards to age.It B. With age, the cardiovascular system is less able to respond to increases in workload and stress. C. With age, the cardiovascular system is better able to respond to increases in workload and stress. D. With age, the cardiovascular system responds to increases in workload and stress basically the same as in younger years.
With age, the cardiovascular system is less able to respond to increases in workload and stress.
What is a supraventricular arrhythmia?
an arrhythmia generated by electrical abnormalities in the sinoatrial (SA) node, atria, atrioventricular (AV) node, and junctional tissue in the heart
An allergic reaction to penicillin can cause which type of shock?
anaphylactic
What are the signs and symptoms of coronary artery disease?
angina pectoris, palpitations, and myocardial infarction
During normal fetal circulation, blood in the pulmonary artery enters which structure?
aorta
Arteriosclerosis is an etiology of which valvular heart disease?
aortic stenosis
Cellular, enzymatic, and molecular changes in the arterial vessels lead to which abnormality?
arterial dialation
Older age is an etiology of which cardiac disease?
arterial hypertension
Which blood vessel has the ability to change its diameter to dilate and contract in order to alter blood flow to the tissues?
arteriolear
What is the most common cause of arteriosclerosis?
artherosclerosis
Which diagnostic test provides a definitive diagnosis of causative organism of infective endocarditis of the heart valves?
blood culture
How may septal defects be diagnosed?
by auscultation of a heart murmur
Raynaud's disease is characterized by which symptoms?
cold, numb or tingling fingers
Which vessel(s) support(s) the heart with a reliable blood supply?
coronaries arteries
Which etiologies are associated with shock?
damage to the nervous system and trauma
What is the critical danger in occlusion of the carotid arteries?
decreased blood flow to the brain
Which etiology can be contributed to both supraventricular and ventricular arrhythmias?
drug abuse
Approximately how many infant births per 1,000 have some form of congenital heart disease?
eight
After birth, the decrease in right and left atrial pressure produces a closure of which structure(s)?
foramen ovale
Blood lipid and cholesterol levels are non-modifiable by which risk factor?
genetics
Extreme, persistent hypertension may cause which manifestations?
headache and dizziness
Which are known as the "good" cholesterol?
high-density lipoproteins
What is one cause of venous thrombosis?
hypercoagulability
Arteriosclerosis can lead to which manifestation?
hypertension
Hemorrhage, surgery, extensive burns, or trauma can cause which type of shock?
hypovolemic
What is the key feature of varicose veins?
incompetent valves
What role do triglycerides play in hyperlipidemia and atherosclerosis?
increases the risk for coronary artery disease
What is the primary symptom of peripheral arterial disease?
intermittent claudication
How does high-density lipoprotein function in the body to help prevent hyperlipidemia?
it helps carry cholesterol away from the arteries
Which statement is correct regarding arteriosclerosis? A. it leads to hypertension B. artery walls thicken and become soft C. artery walls become flexible D. is caused by minerals accumulating within the walls of the arteries
it leads to hypertension
Cord clamping and removal of the placental circulation cause an increase in pressure in which heart chamber?
left ventriclele
Which organ or system is least likely to be affected by long-term hypertension?
liver
What is the single most effective nondrug method to reduce blood pressure?
lose weight
During fetal circulation, the ductus arteriosus facilitates the bypass of blood to which anatomical structure?
lungs
Peripheral arterial disease occurs most commonly in which gender and age group?
men 70-80 years of age
The chamber walls of the heart consist of the heart muscle, also known as which structure?
myocardium
Identify the causes of arterial hypertension. A. ventricular septal defect, patent ductus arteriosus, unknown in many cases B. genetic, lifestyle, obesity and diabetes, diet high in saturated fat C. trauma, allergic reaction and drug, hemorrhage D. older age, sedentary lifestyle, overweight, excessive dietary salt intake, family history
older age, sedentary lifestyle, overweight, excessive dietary salt intake, family history
Which patient would be at greatest risk of developing a venous thrombosis? A. patient with numerous spider veins on the lower legs B. patient with infected ulcers on lower extremities C. patient who wears compression stockings D. patient on bedrest after abdominal surgery
patient on bedrest after abdominal surgery
What effect does age have on systolic blood pressure?
progressively increases
Which disease is asymptomatic? A. pulmonary arterial hypertension B. arterial hypertension C. aortic aneurysm D. varicose veins
pulmonary arterial hypertension
Which structure acts as the pacemaker of the heart?
sinoatrial node
Which manifestation may indicate venous thrombosis?
swelling
Which are the signs and symptoms of varicose veins?
swollen, twisted, and painful veins in the lower legs
Difficulty feeding, failure to gain weight, poor development, cyanosis, and fainting are signs and symptoms of which congenital heart defect?
tetralogy of Fallotte
What dysfunction is present when an individual has heart block?
the atria and ventricles contract independently of each otherth
Which action initiates the switch from placental to pulmonary oxygenation of blood? A. the baby's passage through the birth canal and the change in atmospheric pressure B. the baby takes its first breath and the lungs expand C. the semilunar pulmonary valve closes D. the pulmonary veins close
the baby takes its first breath and the lungs expandth
What causes septic shock?
toxins released by a bacterial infection
Which action can help reduce the risk of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease? A. increasing intake of low density lipoproteins B. smoking light cigarettes C. treating hypertension D. decreasing physical activity
treating hypertension
Signs and symptoms of rheumatic fever begin approximately _________ following a _________ infection?
two weeks, streptococcal
What is the etiology common to transposition of the great vessels, septal defects, patent ductus arteriosus, and coarctation of the aorta?
unknown
Which manifestation is present with acute infectious endocarditis?
vegetations
Which heart rhythm disorder is a form of cardiac arrest and a life-threatening emergency?
ventricular fibrulation
Identify the causes of pulmonary arterial hypertension
ventricular septal defect, patent ductus arteriosus, unknown in many cases
What class of drug can be used medically to close a patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)?
anti-inflammatories
What are the complications of varicose veins?
ulcers, infection, and hemorrhage
