chapter 6 launchpad

which histogram shows the concentration of substrate B-thiogalactoside in compartments 1 and 2 at the start of the experiment 2?

compartment 1 > compartment 2

what hypothesis did this experiment test?

enzymes form complexes with substrates

The entire set of chemical reactions that sustain life is called:

metabolism

which organisms are considered heterotrophs?

most bacteria and dogs

which of the factors accounts for the higher potential energy of a C-C and C-H bonds compared to C-O and H-O bonds?

the C-C and C-H bonds are weak, thus requiring a lot of energy to hold together

the energy of activation of a reaction is :

the energy input needed to reach the transition state

Escherichia coli bacteria in your colon are categorized as :

chemoheterotrophs

Metal ions bound to enzymes are called:

cofactors

which histogram shows the concentration of substrate B-thiogalactoside in compartments 1 and 2 at the end of experiment 2?

compartment 1 < compartment 2

if experiment 1 were repeated using the substrate B-galactoside instead of B-thiogalactoside, which of the histograms would show the concentration of B-galactoside in compartments 1 and 2 at the end of the experiment?

compartment 1 = compartment 2

which histogram shows the concentration of substrate B-thiogalactoside in compartments 1 and 2 at the end of experiment 2?

compartment 1 = compartment 2

which histogram shows the concentration of substrate B-thiogalactoside in compartments 1 and 2 at the start of experiment 1?

compartment 1 > compartment 2

when H2CO3 reacts to form CO2 and H2O, what is the net change in the number of shared electron pairs?

0

as a car pounces on a mouse, its muscles consume 100 units of potential energy (which the cat previously gained from the food it consumed). however, the pounce itself only required 4 units of kinetic energy. how many units of energy were dissipated as heat?

6

the hydrolysis of _____ is an exergonic reaction that drives many endergonic reactions in a cell

ATP

Consider the refrigerator in your kitchen. Based on what you know about the first and second laws of thermodynamics, how does a refrigerator most likely work?

a refrigerator removes heat from its interior and transports this energy outside, into the kitchen

As atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations increase, the oceans become more :

acidic

which of the choices is an example of potential energy? -an electrochemical gradient across the cell membrane -chemical transport, as in the sodium potassium pump -contraction of a muscle cell -flow of calcium ions through a membrane channel

an electrochemical gradients across the cell membrane

which labeled arrow in the figure represents the activation energy?

arrow b

if you added an enzyme that catalyzes the reaction shown, you would predict that _____ would be reduced but ______ would remain the same

arrow b ; arrow e

which labeled arrow in the figure represents the change in free energy of the reaction?

arrow e

when chemical reactions occur the _______ but the ______

atoms retain their identities ; arrangement of bonds changes

the transition state is that portion of the progress of a chemical reaction with a large amount of energy found in the _______ reactions

both endergonic or exergonic

in a related experiment, Kurt Stern studied catalase, which is an enzyme that catalyzes the reaction : 2H2O2 --> 2H2O + O2 in this experiment, we would expect a complex to be formed between :

catalase and hydrogen peroxide

imagine that you discover a microbial deep sea organism that can derive energy from (inorganic) hydrogen gas (H2). in addition, this microbe can synthesize organic compounds from carbon containing inorganic molecules in the oceans. this microbe is :

chemoautotrophs

imagine that you discover a carnivorous deep sea fish that cannot utilize the carbon in carbonic acid, or any other inorganic molecule, present in seawater to form glucose, or other organic molecules. living so far beneath the water's surface, this fish is also incapable of harnessing energy from the sun. this fish would be considered a :

chemoheterotroph

many cellular processes represent work that requires the expenditure of energy. which of the actions is not a cellular process that requires the cell to expend energy?

diffusion of water into cells

in this figure the solid blue curve plots free energy of a reaction against progress of that reaction. this reaction is :

endergonic

you are talking with one of your friends. he states that evolution has actually violated the second law of thermodynamics, because complex living organisms are more ordered than the nucleic acids, amino acids, and other molecules that compose them. why doesn't evolution contradict the second law of thermodynamics?

even though evolution may decrease the entropy of living organisms, it increases the entropy of the Earth (or the universe), as the chemical reactions that are required to make organisms release heat

which statement is true about exergonic reactions? -exergonic reactions measure the strength of an ionic bond -exergonic reactions are found only in biological systems -exergonic reactions consume energy -exergonic reactions are catabolic

exergonic reactions are catabolic

true or false : One day, scientists will be able to genetically engineer mice that are 100% energy efficient, and this achievement will greatly impact the biotechnology industry.

false

true or false : plant cells rely on energy obtained directly from the sun to carry out cellular processes and derive energy from sugars only as a backup on cloudy days

false

the carbon atom in CO2 shares ______ electron pairs. after the reaction with H2O to form H2CO3 is completed the carbon atom shares _____ electron pairs

four ; four

which molecule has the greatest chemical potential energy? -sodium chloride -water -carbon dioxide -alanine -glucose

glucose

in chemical reactions, most of the entropy increase occurs as _____

heat

when chemical reactions occur the ______ but the ______

paring of atoms that share electron pari changes ; individual atomic nuclei stay the same

organisms that derive their energy from the sun and carbon from carbon dioxide are :

photoautorophs

Oak trees are categorized as:

photoautotrophs

which of the choices is an example of kinetic energy? -water behind a dam -gasoline in an auto gas tank -a ball at the top of stairs -a photon of light

photon of light

a carbohydrate such as glucose has a great deal of _____ energy

potential

organic molecules store _____ energy in their ____ bonds

potential ; covalent

which of the following is a part of ATP?

ribose

You have entered a 5K race. As you finish the last 50 yards, you are breathing harder than at the start of the race and sweating profusely. This is an example of the _____ law of thermodynamics because _____ is increasing.

second ; entropy

before this experiment was performed, Kurt Stern had already shown that the enzyme catalase forms a complex with its substrate. therefore, this current set of experiments :

served as a positive control for Stern's experiment

you walk out of you warm house on a cold winter's day. what is different between the air inside and outside of your house in this scenario?

the molecules in the warm air of your house are moving faster than those outside

Nearly all cells use ATP as their primary energy source. This is evidence that:

the use of ATP by cells evolved early in the history of life and has been conserved over time

true or false : an energy input is necessary for both endergonic and exergonic reactions

true

carbon-carbon covalent bonds, such as the ones in carbohydrates and lipids, are _____ and have _____

weak ; a lot of potential energy