Chapter 6 learning

Ryan, a five-year-old boy, receives a pat on the back every time he says "please" or "thank you." This encourages Ryan to use good manners as often as possible. In this scenario, Ryan demonstrates learning through:

operant conditioning.

In operant conditioning, a punishment is a consequence that blank

Decreases the likelihood that a behavior will occur

A blank schedule in operant conditioning reinforces the first behavior aftera set amount of time has passed.

Fixed interval

Millie feels sick every time she travels by air. She associates flying with physical illness and, as a result, hates air travel. She also finds it difficult to watch movies with airplanes or read books about airplanes because they make her feel unwell. In this scenario, Millie is demonstrating learning through:

classical conditioning.

Jessica loves to travel by air. She enjoys being in an airplane and experiencing the excitement of flying. However, Jessica's last three flights were highly turbulent and made her anxious and physically sick. Consequently, Jessica now fears flying. In this scenario, in the context of classical conditioning, Jessica's fear of flying is a

conditioned response

In Pavlov's experiments on classical conditioning, the dog began to associate the sound of the bell with the food and salivated when it heard the bell because the bell had become a

conditioned stimulus

Negative reinforcement in operant conditioning

has nothing to do with "good" and bad behavior

Five minutes are deducted from Frankie's recess hour every time he misbehaves in class. In the context of operant conditioning, his teacher is using blank to discipline Frankie.

negative punishment

Larry is in the habit of bullying his little brother by hitting and pushing him. Larry's parents try to stop this behavior by taking away Larry's video games whenever he hits his little brother. Over the next few weeks, Larry stops bullying his little brother. In this scenario, Larry's parents have used blank in operant conditioning.

negative punishment

Blank is the process of learning the associations between two events.

Conditioning

In which type of learning do organisms learn the association between two stimuli?

Classical conditioning

Melvin is an elementary-school teacher who rewards his students with extra playing time whenever they do well on a class assignment. In this scenario, which of the following techniques is Melvin using to motivate his students to work harder?

Positive reinforcement

John, a six-year-old boy, loves dogs. However, after being bitten by one, he starts to fear dogs. Which of the following is true in the context of classical conditioning?

The dog becomes a conditioned stimulus after it bites John.

Which of the following scenarios best exemplifies negative reinforcement in operant conditioning?

Tom wakes up just before the alarm clock goes off every morning so that he can avoid having to hear the alarm go off.

Tyler's grandmother, Rose, has been receiving e-mails from Tyler every day for many years. In anticipation of his e-mails, she checks her inbox more than once in a day. However, since Tyler has started college, the e-mails have stopped. As a result, Rose checks her e-mail only every few days. If this pattern continues, Rose will completely stop checking her e-mail. In classical conditioning, this is known as

extinction

Jennifer was stung by a bee several days ago and was in pain for many days. As a result of the painful experience, she cries out whenever a flying insect gets too close to her. Jennifer's reaction to flying insects best illustrates the concept of blank in classical conditioning.

generalization

Janet scolds her daughter, Kelley, each time Kelley pinches her little brother. After two weeks, Janet notices that Kelley has stopped pinching her little brother. In this scenario, scolding Kelley is an example of blank in operant conditioning.

positive punishment

Marcia and John were married for eleven years before John passed away. Following his death, Marcia left her home and city because everything reminded her of John. Many years later, Marcia happened to meet a man, her new colleague, who smelled of the cologne that John always wore. Even after so many years, Marcia was drawn to this man because he reminded her of John. In this scenario, Marcia's reawakened feelings are an example of blank in classical conditioning.

spontaneous recovery

Observational learning occurs

through the process of watching and imitating another's behavior

Mrs. Graham is the principal of a high school. She enforces the practice of pop quizzes in the school because she knows that students will be more likely to study if they cannot predict when they will be tested. In this scenario, Mrs. Graham relies on a___ schedule in operant conditioning to enforce a desired behavior in her students.

variable-interval