Chapter 6 lesson 5 Lipids
What are some examples of added fats? (Check all that apply.)
butter shortening
One usually refers to lipids simply as ____ and _____.
fats oils
unsaturated FA
have kinks in carbon chain and creates fluidity leading to liquid at room temp
HDL
high density lipoprotein good lipoprotein/good cholesterol transports cholesterol from tissues to liver increased by exercise and healthy diet
to look for tans fats foods:
hydrogenated, partially hydrogenated ingredients packaged or fried foods
The process of ______________ adds hydrogen to the carbon chain of unsaturated fats.
hydrogenation
The highlighted orange portion, on the left of the chemical structure, is known as .
methyl group or methyl end.
Which naming system for fatty acids indicates where the double bond closest to the methyl end of the fatty acid chain occurs?
omega system
Linoleic acid
polyunsaturated fatty acid with 18 carbons, two double bonds
Sterols are unique among other forms of lipids due to _____.
their multi-ringed structure
Products like Z-trim, gums, and Salatrim, are used by companies to do what with their food products?
to reduce the fat content
A ________ is a triglyceride that loses a fatty acid.
A triglyceride that loses a fatty acid is a diglyceride.
The recommendation for fat intake that is 20-35% of total calories consumed is the _______.
Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range
What are some common "fat substitutes" used by companies to reduce the fat content of their foods?
Salatrim Gums
Which lipoprotein is formed in the intestinal absorptive cell and carries dietary triglycerides that have been re-formed?
Triglycerides that are re-formed in the absorptive cells of the intestine are packaged with other lipids, such as cholesterol and phospholipids, into lipoproteins called chylomicrons.
Butter French fries
Visible Hidden
Why are alpha-linolenic and linoleic acids considered essential fatty acids? (Check all that apply.)
because our bodies are unable to synthesize them because we must get them from food
Whether a fat is monounsaturated, saturated, or polyunsaturated, it provides the same number of ______.
calories, about 9cal/gram
Which of the following act as emulsifiers? (Check all that apply.)
egg yolk mustard
Egg yolks are a good example of a(an) ________ because they allow the fat in various batters and dressings to stay suspended in the other ingredients.
emulsifier
Alpha-linolenic acid and linoleic acid are ________ fatty acids.
essential
A triglyceride that loses ______ ________ a is called a diglyceride.
fatty acid
A function of ______ is to serve as the backbone to which three fatty acids attach, forming a triglyceride molecule.
glycerol
What are some risks associated with the high levels of polyunsaturated fat intake? (Check all that apply.)
impaired immune system increased risk of cardiovascular disease
Triglycerides are a diverse group of chemical compounds. Which of the following properties do all types of lipids have in common?
insoluble in water Triglycerides provide 30% to 70% of the energy you burn during rest and during light physical activity.
Subcutaneous fat is located _____.
just beneath the skin
omega is
location of first double carbon bond counting from methyl end omega carbon and normal C bond and then carbon double bond at 3 C
LDL
low density lipoprotein bad lipoprotein Delivers cholesterol to tissues contributes to heart disease when oxidized
too many trans?
makes bad cholesterol and good cholesterol worse, leading to heart disease
A___________ is a water-soluble droplet formed by bile acids which helps fat stay suspended in water.
micelle
What is the term for a water-soluble droplet formed by bile acids that is a product of the emulsification process?
micelle
Fatty acids that have 1 double bond in the carbon chain are called ______________ fatty acids.
monounsaturated
This chemical structure is known as a saturated fatty acid. A saturated fatty acid has no carbon-carbon double bonds. This saturated fatty acid is called stearic acid.
only single bonds
A ______ fatty acid has 2 or more locations in the carbon chain that are not saturated with hydrogen.
polyunsaturated
Fatty acids with two or more double bonds are...
polyunsaturated
HDL has a high proportion of ______, which makes it the heaviest (most dense) lipoprotein.
protein
Stearic acid
saturated fatty acid with 18 carbons. Only single bonds
Those who do not consume enough ________ may be unable to absorb sufficient amounts of fat-soluble vitamins.
triglycerides
What is the Adequate Intake for essential fatty acids?
2-4 tbsp.
The Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range for total fat is _______ of calories for most age groups.
20-35%
What are the components of a phospholipid molecule?
Phosphorus-containing molecule Glycerol backbone
A chylomicron is a lipoprotein that is made up of dietary fats and surrounded by a shell containing which of the following components?
Proteins Cholesterol Phospholipids
This chemical structure is known as a
This chemical structure is known as a monounsaturated fatty acid. A monounsaturated fatty acid has 1 carbon-carbon double bone. This monounsaturated fatty acid is called oleic acid.
This chemical structure is known as a...
This chemical structure is known as a polyunsaturated fatty acid. A polyunsaturated fatty acid has 2 or more carbon-carbon double bonds. This polyunsaturated fatty acid is called linoleic acid, or omega 6 fatty acid.
This chemical structure is known as a___________
This monounsaturated fatty acid is a trans fat. It is called elaidic acid, which is the major trans fatty acid found in processed fats.
What increases the risk of cardiovascular disease and Metabolic Syndrome?
What increases the risk of cardiovascular disease and Metabolic Syndrome?
Which foods are good sources of phospholipids?
Wheat germ Egg yolks Peanuts
Which food would be considered to have the highest fat content?
Whole milk
The highlighted blue portion, on the right of the chemical structure, is known as
acid or carboxyl group.
Diets rich in ______ fatty acids can reduce blood triglyceride levels in those whose levels are high, but can also lead to a decreased ability for the immune system to function if consumed in excess.
omega-3
What are some examples of foods that are considered high in fat?
Mayonnaise Butter Margarine Salad oils
A diet rich in ________ can help reduce LDL oxidation and thus decrease the risk of CVD and Metabolic Syndrome.
antioxidents
Canola oil and olive oil
are high in monounsaturated fatty acids
A polyunsaturated fatty acid has ____ location(s) in the carbon chain that is(are) not saturated with hydrogen.
at least two
Intakes of polyunsaturated fats that exceed ______% of total calorie intake can lead to an increased risk of developing cardiovascular disease and an impaired immune system.
10
How many calories of essential fatty acids should men consume daily?
170
Which type of oil is a staple in most Mediterranean diets?
Olive oil
______ fats are those that we incorporate into food, such as butter on bread, oils used to prepare vegetables, and shortenings in cookies and pies.
Added fats are those that we add to food, such as butter on bread and shortenings used to make cookies, pastries, and fried foods. In terms of types of fat, many people get too much saturated fat and too little monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fat.
In what organ are fat-soluble vitamins absorbed?
Small intestine; Fats found in food carry fat-soluble vitamins (vitamins A, D, E, and K) to the small intestine, where dietary fat assists in the absorption of these vitamins.
What are the major functions of fatty acids and triglycerides in the body?
To provide energy To insulate and protect the body To aid in transport of fat-soluble vitamins
_________ and fatty acids are essential for optimal health because they provide a concentrated source of energy.
Triglycerides
_________, a type of lipid, are the body's main storage form of energy.
Triglycerides
Which health issues are associated with excessive omega-3 fatty acid intake?
Uncontrolled bleeding Impaired immune function
What is the structure of a glycerol molecule?
an alcohol containing three carbons
The diets high in total fat increase the risk of ____. (Check all that apply.)
certain cancers obesity cardiovascular disease
Foods that contain hidden fat include _______.
cheese pastries whole milk
____________ is a sterol used by the body to make both sex and adrenal hormones as well as the active form of vitamin D.
cholesterol
Phospholipids contain ______ within their molecular structure.
fatty acids
Which of the following represent components associated with a traditional Mediterranean Diet? (Check all that apply.)
moderate drinking of wine high intake of fruits, vegetables, and whole grains olive oil as the main fat
Fatty acids with one double bond are...
monounsaturated
Oleic acid
monounsaturated fatty acid with 18 carbons, one double bond
During the process of hydrogenation, as the amount of added hydrogen increases, the fatty acid becomes ________. (Check all that apply.)
more solid more saturated
polyunsaturated
more than one double bond few H saturation linoleic = polyunsat FA with 18 C
saturated
no double bonds saturated with H bonds, no double bonds harder, solid at room temp - butter stearic acid - sat fat with 18 carbons
What are the different names of fatty acids based on? (Check all that apply.)
number of carbon-carbon double bonds along the carbon skeleton position of carbon-carbon double bonds along the length of the carbon skeleton
An imbalance between ______ and ______ fatty acids is suspected to be a contributing factor to the cause of arthritis.
omega-6 omega-3
A monounsaturated fatty acid has ____________ location(s) in the carbon chain that is not saturated with hydrogen.
one
monunsaturated
one double bond (oleic acid) few H saturation oleic acid = monounsat FA with 18 C
In which of the following functions do eicosanoids play an important role?
regulate cell division rates, maintain normal kidney function and fluid balance, direct hormones to their target cells, regulate the flow of substances in and out of cells, and regulate ovulation.
The type of fat that functions primarily to insulate the body is _______.
subcutaneous
What does the abbreviation HDL stand for?
High-density lipoprotein
What are some examples of food sources that contain cholesterol?
Ice cream Chicken Eggs
Omega-____ fatty acids can be made into substances that help decrease inflammation, pain, and blood triglycerides. It is important to consume an adequate amount of this fatty acid in order to get its benefits.
3
Put the following steps regarding the digestion and absorption of triglycerides in order.
1. Large far droplets enter the SI after a meal 2. Bile and lecithin emulsify fats into smaller particles 3. Lipase breaks down fat into fatty acids and monoglycerides 4. Monoglycerides and FA are absorbed as micelles and then re-formed into triglycerides 5. Short and medium-chain FA enter the BS 6. Triglycerides combine with cholesterol, protein, and phospholipids to form chylomicrons
Which cancers are associated with diets high in fat and saturated fat?
Breast cancer Colon cancer Prostate cancer
______ is a type of lipid that is found only in foods of animal origin.
Cholesterol
Which statements are true about sterols? (Check all that apply.)
Cholesterol is a common example. They contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
The base of the Mediterranean Diet Pyramid encourages those following the diet to "be physically active and enjoy meals with others." Christian's current activity level is "low active" and his BMI is in the overweight range. If he were to increase activity, lose fat, and build muscle, he could lower his weight into the healthy (normal) BMI range. How much weight would Christian need to lose to achieve a healthy (normal) BMI?
Christian weighs 220 pounds. --> If he lost 50 pounds, his BMI would be 170 pounds divided 70 inches^2 multiplied by 703 = 24.4 kilograms per meter^2, which is in the range of healthy BMI. Normal BMI is 18.5 to 25.
These compounds regulate cell division rates, maintain normal kidney function and fluid balance, direct hormones to their target cells, regulate the flow of substances in and out of cells, and regulate ovulation.
Eicosanoids
trans fatty acid
FA with one double bonds with trans formation (H bond up and down on opp sides) rather than cis formation ( H bonded on same side
The body uses cholesterol to perform which tasks? (Check all that apply.)
Form cell membranes. Make bile. Make sex hormones.
What is the term for a compound containing a core of lipids with a shell composed of protein, phospholipid, and cholesterol?
Lipoprotein
Which organ plays a role in developing very-low-density lipoproteins by coating the cholesterol and triglycerides it collects with a shell of protein and lipids?
Liver
Identify the statement about phospholipids that is true.
Phospholipids can be synthesized by the body.
What are the three types of lipids?
Sterols Triglycerides Phospholipids
What is the first step associated with the absorption of triglycerides?
The first step associated with the absorption of triglycerides is when monoglycerides and free fatty acids enter the small intestinal epithelial cells.
The liver coats the cholesterol and triglycerides that it collects with a shell of protein and lipids and produces _________.
The liver coats the cholesterol and triglycerides that collect in that organ with a shell of protein and lipids and produces what are called very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDLs).
What are some qualities that a triglyceride possesses?
They are calorie dense They are the body's main storage form of energy They are stable
Butter
is high in saturated fatty acids,
