CHAPTER 6 - MOTIVATION

According to expectancy theory, an individual's effort level depends on three factors: expectancy, instrumentality, and

valance

An employee's manager is retiring at the end of the month, but the employee has no desire to apply for the position because it would mean working longer hours and a lot more travel. This employee has a negative ______ with respect to the position.

valance

Fran is a customer service representative for Universal Equipment in Chicago. Fran enjoys living and working in downtown Chicago because of the availability of public transportation as she does not own a car. Universal Equipment recently announced that they are giving a free parking space to the worker with the highest level of customer service. This announcement does not affect Fran's level of motivation is due to the impact it has on her

valance

Which of the following best defines valence?

It is the believed worth of the results of one's efforts.

Which of the following is true of motivation?

Motivation is a set of energetic forces that originates both within and outside an employee.

Which of the following would be characterized as an extrinsic motivation?

Samantha's new boss frequently praises her for the quality of her work. Bettina's new job has a lucrative bonus benefits package.

Which three of the following are reasons an employee may be more motivated than his or her counterparts?

The employee has specific, challenging, and achievable goals. The employee has feelings of psychological empowerment. The employee has feelings of expectancy and instrumentality.

True or false: Lump-sum bonuses have a high impact on motivation because the lump-sum bonuses link financial payments to the successful achievement of certain tasks.

True

Kendra has been working for Harmon Electronics as a quality-control inspector for three years. She learns that a coworker with less experience and less time with the company is earning more than she is. What role does Kendra's coworker fulfill, according to the equity theory?

comparison other

According to equity theory, we examine our own efforts and results and contrast them with the efforts and results of other employees. What term is used to describe these other workers?

comparison others

What theory asserts that motivation is based on what a person considers to be fair when compared to others?

equity theory

What theory of motivation suggests that motivation depends on individuals' perceptions of their life and what occurs in lives of others?

equity theory

Geraldo is talking about his new job with his brother. He says he likes this job better than his previous jobs because now he feels respected, and he knows he is doing important work. He has always felt a need to feel this way at work, and now he finally does. Geraldo is describing how his job meets his need for

esteem

A person's belief that the effort they put into completing a task will lead to performing at a desired level is called

expectancy

An individual's belief that effort will result in positive outcomes is known as

expectancy

What kind of belief answers the question "What are the chances that, if I work very hard, I'll be able to do a good job?"

expectancy

Which theory of motivation proposes that work effort is directed toward positive experiences and away from negative ones?

expectancy theory

Meaningfulness is a concept in psychological empowerment that reflects a sense of choice in the initiation and continuation of work tasks.

false

Which of following is the aim of an action and serves as the primary driver of the intensity and persistence of effort for the action?

goal

Which theory of motivation argues that objectives determine the work actions of people?

goal setting

Ike, George, and Mike work at an ice producing facility in the same job classification. Ike arrives at work late, produces and loads fewer bags of ice than George and Mike, and never volunteers to sweep up during his break, unlike the other workers. After talking to George and Mike, Ike learns that even though they have all been employed the same length of time, he is being paid two dollars more per hour than they are because they were hired through an outside personnel agency. According to equity theory, which of the following emotions is Ike likely to display?

guilt

Goal setting theory argues that assigning employees specific, difficult goals will result in

higher levels of performance.

Blaze feels his workers need to know they are doing something that makes a difference to the company. Blaze walks around among his employees and uses phrases such as "moving forward," "being on track," and "getting there" to convey a sense of

impact

An employee complains after a performance review, "I don't get it. I got the top rating in the department, but I got the same raise as everyone else, even the slackers. Obviously, our raises don't depend on how hard you work or how good a job you do!" According to expectancy theory, this employee would be described as having low ________

instrumentality

Harold's boss frequently exhorts his subordinates to work harder by promising them a substantial bonus at the end of each quarter. However, bonuses are only sporadically awarded regardless of meeting performance goals. As a result, Harold's ________ may be low.

instrumentality

The term ______________________describes the belief that, "If I do a good job, I'll receive the outcome I desire."

instrumentality or instrumental

An individual's self-confidence and need for achievement are considered ______ forces in motivation

internal

What type of motivation is involved when an employee finds internal satisfaction in doing a job well?

intrinsic

When an individual experiences psychological empowerment, performing the work tasks serves as its own reward. What kind of motivation is this?

intrisic

Which of the following are reasons some employees may lack motivation?

lack of confidence assignment of an ambiguous goal

Which term describes how hard people work towards something, where they apply their efforts, and how they continue to work towards their goals?

motivation

What is the term for groups of beliefs or results that people believe are physically and mentally important?

needs

Profit sharing depends on the performance of an entire company. What type of focus does this compensation plan have?

organizational

After comparing your situation with that of a comparison other, you realize that your ratio of outcomes and inputs is greater than the other person's. According to equity theory, this is what type of a situation?

overreward inequity

Gilbert would like to foster goal commitment in his department. He decides to do this by encouraging the collaboration of employees and leaders on setting the specific proficiency level and due date for a major production goal so that the employees feel a sense of ownership over the goal. Gilbert has implemented a strategy known as

participation

In terms of equity theory, which of the following would be considered outcomes?

promotions pay

What do people experience when they believe that their professional work contributes to some greater cause?

psychological empowerment

Which of the following answer options is not one of the concepts of psychological empowerment?

self efficiency

Which type of belief prompt people to think that they have the capabilities needed to carry out the behaviors needed for a task?

self efficiency

Rank the following motivating forces in order of their strength on job performance, with the strongest job performance motivator listed at top and the lowest job performance motivator listed at bottom.

self efficiency; specific, difficult goals; increased valence, instrumentality, and expectancy; perceptions of equity

An employee with little experience in event planning is convinced they have the ability to plan a successful company holiday party. What type of belief does this demonstrate?

self-efficacy

What employee motivator tends to produce the best professional results?

self-efficacy

Which motivating force has the strongest effect on performance?

self-efficacy or competence

Which of the following is meant to foster intrinsic motivation?

skill development

In terms of equity theory, which of the following would be considered inputs?

skills experience

Employees who feel a sense of equity on the job are more likely to engage in citizenship behaviors.

true

True or false: One of the problems with determining needs is that people's conceptions of needs vary between different cultures or even between individuals.

true

When you compare your situation with that of a comparison other, you realize that your ratio of outcomes to inputs is significantly less than the other person's. According to equity theory, you would now perceive yourself to be in which state?

underreward inequity