chapter 6 psych

children who watched an adult attack a doll were more likely to attack the doll later on. this is evidence for the importance of

observational learning

motivation

observing someone being reinforced increases likelihood that the behavior will be performed

unconditioned stimulus

A stimulus that evokes an unconditioned response without previous conditioning it invokes natural/ reflex like response

instinctual drift

(breland and breland) behavior tends to drift toward preprogrammed motor behavior, in humans such behavior includes yawning and sneezing

cognitive map

(in rats it is not reinforced, proves that conditioning involves more than just associations) mental representation of physical space

spontaneous recovery

the automatic tendency of a learned behavior to recover from extinction after a rest period

when working with an organism always consider

biological PREPAREDNESS and CONSTRAINTS on learning

the eventual decline and disappearance of a conditioned response in the absence of an unconditioned stimulus is known as

extinction

in operant conditioning positive

means adding a new stimulus

In operant conditioning negative

means removing an old stimulus

appetitive

motivate approach behavior (increases behavior)

aversive

motivate withdrawal behavior (to stop behavior)

retention

observed behaviors must be remembered

reproduction of action

observed behaviors must be replicable

interstimulus interval

time between the stimuli, the shorter the gap the faster the conditioning

what do we learn in classical conditioning

to associate the condition stimulus with the unconditioned stimulus

conditioned withdrawal reaction

withdrawal precipitated or exacerbated by association with environmental cues.

ratio

refers to behavior

BF Skinner

Behaviorist that developed the theory of operant conditioning by training pigeons and rats. introduced radical behaviorism: if can't observe than not psychology. advocated for control of behavior through simple learning. no need for use of cognition. responses are voluntary and emitted

Albert Bandura

BoBo dolls, adults do it then kids learn,demonstration of observational learning

learning is

CS UCS CS UCS CS UCS

no learning is

CS UCS UCS CS CS UCS

expectancy approach

Expectancy Theory, a motivational theory proposed by Victor Vroom of the Yale School of Management, proposes that people choose to behave in certain ways because they are motivated by the results (or in most cases, rewards) they expect to get from those choices. For example, when a person takes a job he or she will choose to behave in ways they believe will lead to getting some type of reward from that type of behavior (retaining the job, promotions, raises, etc.).

John B Watson

Father of behaviorism, he himself a functionalist. albert, through conditioning the animals and objects that were a source of joy and curiosity became a trigger of fear (stated goals of control and predict behavior)

operant conditioning

Learning based on the consequences of responding.

stimulus discrimination

Process by which an organism learns to respond only to a specific stimulus and not to other stimuli, you show discrimination whenever you don't dance because you can tell the difference between the pbj and the pickle jar or by dancing only at snack time since you know it's the only time pbj happens

Ivan Pavlov

Russian physiologist who observed conditioned salivary responses in dogs (1849-1936), happened on classical conditioning while researching digestion. that won a novel prize

simultaneous conditioning

Simultaneous Conditioning is conditioning that occurs, frequently unintentionally or unplanned, at the same time as formal conditioning or training. For example, in Ivan Pavlov's classic experiments, his dogs were trained to salivate in response to a bell signal (conditioned stimulus) that they associated with being fed (conditioned response). However, at the same time the dogs might also have learned inadvertently to associate the time of day or the sound of a door (unconditioned stimulus) with being fed. In this way, the dogs were being conditioned to respond to multiple stimuli at that same time.

informational approach

The basic idea of Information processing theory is that the human mind is like a computer or information processor — rather than behaviorist notions that people merely responding to stimuli. These theories equate thought mechanisms to that of a computer, in that it receives input, processes, and delivers output. Information gathered from the senses (input), is stored and processed by the brain, and finally brings about a behavioral response (output).

Premack principle

The concept that a more-preferred activity can be used to reinforce a less-preferred activity. (reinforcing a less likely bewaviorwith a more likely behavior)

law of effect

Thorndike's rule that behaviors which have positive outcomes tend to be repeated, the power of a stimulus to evoke a response is strengthened when the response is followed by a reward and weakened when it is not followed by a reward

trace conditioning

Trace conditioning is a type of classical conditioning in which the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) and conditioned stimulus (CS) are presented separately with an interval of time in between. Understanding of the UCS and CS are best explained with an example of salivating dogs. (For trace conditioning to happen the brain needs to form a mental representation of the conditioned stimulus after it has ended. This is called a stimulus trace.)

shaping

Using reinforcers that approximate the goal response is called "shaping."

taste aversion learning

a biological constraint on learning in which an organism learns in one trial to avoid a food whose ingestion is followed by illness

fixed ratio schedule

a schedule of reinforcement in which a reinforcer is delivered for the first response made after a fixed number of responses

fixed interval schedule

a schedule of reinforcement in which a reinforcer is delivered for the first response made after a fixed period of time

variable ratio schedule

a schedule of reinforcement in which a reinforcer is delivered for the first response made after a variable number of responses whose average is predetermined

Behaviorism

an approach to psychology that emphasizes observable measurable behavior and not in observable internal processes

unconditioned stimulus elicits

an unconditioned (natural) response

guiding factors of observational learning

attention, retention, reproduction of action and motivation

variable

average number of behaviors or time

Edward Thorndike

behaviorism; Law of Effect-relationship between behavior and consequence cats in boxes, learning is incremental, automatic and applies to all mammals, introspection is irrelevant and non human animal studies are parsimonious

In classical conditioning, the unconditioned response is the same as the

conditioned response

in classical conditioning the stimulus that comes to elicit a response as a result of pairing with another stimulus is called the

conditioned stimulus

delayed conditioning

conditioned stimulus comes on prior to and says on atlas until the unconditioned stimulus is presented

research suggests that _________ is generally the most effective method for establishing a conditioned reaponse

delayed conditioning

robert koelling

demonstrated that in general animals are biologically prepared to learn certain associations

secondary reinforcer

derive value through association with primary (conditioned reinforcer)

continuous reinforcement schedule

each and every response is reinforced, used to establish or strengthen new behaviors, easier to extinguish

pairing the neutral stimulus with the unconditioned stimulus

establishes classical conditioning

the schedule where reinforcement occurs only after a constant number of responses is called

fixed ratio schedule

Garcia and Koelling (1966)

found that rats associate nausea (UCR) with flavor (CS) , but not light (CS). rats associate electric shock paint (UCR) with light (CS) but not flavor (CS). it will be extremely difficult to elict nausea (CR) in rats using light (CS) or pain(CR) using flavor (CS)

extinction

in conditioning the weakening of a conditioned association in the absence of a reinforcer or unconditioned stimulus

In operant conditioning the ______ which come _____ a behavior will vary to alter that behavior

in operant conditioning the consequences which come after a behavior will vary to alter that behavior

operant conditioning is also known as

instrumental conditioning

backwards conditioning

is a behavior conditioning method in which the unconditioned stimulus (US) is presented before a neutral stimulus (NS).

reinforcement

is a stimulus presented after a desired behavior

punishment

is a stimulus presented after an undesired behavior

classic conditioning occurs when the neutral stimulus

is able to elicit the same response as the unconditioned stimulus aka UCR = CR

stimulus generalization

is the tendency of stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to produce conditioned responses

behavior potentiality

learned behavior may be hidden (learning is inferred from behavior)

observational learning

occurs when we learn new behaviors by observing others (also known as modeling, social learning or vicarious learning)

learning an association between particular behaviors and their consequences occurs in

operant conditioning

Garcia and Koelling, 1966, discovered that

organisms are prepared to associate aversive reaction with particular stimuli

edward tolman

pioneered the study of cognitive processes in learning by inventing experimental circumstances in which mechanical one to one associations between specific stimuli and responses could not explain animals' observed behavior

in classical conditioning the stimuli that _______ a behavior will vary to alter that behavior

precede

fixed

predetermined number of behaviors or time

attention

prestige or status of a model is important

conditioned stimulus

previous neutral stimulus that comes to elicit a conditioned response

john garcia

psychologist who first documented taste aversion learning

interval

refers to passage of time

opening an umbrella in the rain

reinforcement. negative because takes away rain

in operant conditioning procedures that strengthen behaviors are termed

reinforcements

stimulus intensity

required inTensiTy To produce a response from a sensory sysTem

negative reinforcement is to punishment as

response increase is to response decrease

breland and breland found that trained animals may ....

revert back to instinctive behavior (raccoons may be trained to drop wooden coins into a box in return for food (reinforcement). after a whole instead of dropping the coin the raccoon will begin to wash it. in real life raccoon dip and rub their natural prey in water and then eat)

primary reinforcement

satisfy basic needs (unconditioned reinforcers)

both garcia and koelling realized that

some CS - UCS combinations can be classically conditioned in particular species but others cannot

operant conditioning is constrained by

species-specific behavior and biological constraints on learning for example rats constraints are spatial learning and circus bears are natural behaviors

Rescorla and Wagner *****

suggested that CS-UCS pairing is necessary but not sufficient for acquisition to occur. in addition to association the CS must reliably predict the onset of the UCS.

in their use of operant conditioning techniques to train animals from many species to perform various behaviors, the Brelands described instances of animal misbehavior. they attributed this misbehavior to the

tendency for learned behavior to drift toward instinctual behavior

taste aversion

tendency to avoid a flavor (CS) associated with an aversive UCS: may be established in one trial (single Cs-UCS pairing), ISI may be extremely long (hours instead of minutes), taste aversions are resistant to extinction

partial reinforcement effect

the behavioral principle that states that responses acquired under intermittent reinforcement are more difficult to extinguish than those acquired with continuous reinforcement

stimulus generalization

when a conditioned response (pbj happy dance) occurs in relation to a stimulus (jungle plates) other than (but often similar to) the conditioned stimulus (tiger plate). (now u do the happy dance in general)

relative change

xcludes shorT Term changes (moTor fatgue: changed behavior b/c tred