chapter 6 psych
children who watched an adult attack a doll were more likely to attack the doll later on. this is evidence for the importance of
observational learning
motivation
observing someone being reinforced increases likelihood that the behavior will be performed
unconditioned stimulus
A stimulus that evokes an unconditioned response without previous conditioning it invokes natural/ reflex like response
instinctual drift
(breland and breland) behavior tends to drift toward preprogrammed motor behavior, in humans such behavior includes yawning and sneezing
cognitive map
(in rats it is not reinforced, proves that conditioning involves more than just associations) mental representation of physical space
spontaneous recovery
the automatic tendency of a learned behavior to recover from extinction after a rest period
when working with an organism always consider
biological PREPAREDNESS and CONSTRAINTS on learning
the eventual decline and disappearance of a conditioned response in the absence of an unconditioned stimulus is known as
extinction
in operant conditioning positive
means adding a new stimulus
In operant conditioning negative
means removing an old stimulus
appetitive
motivate approach behavior (increases behavior)
aversive
motivate withdrawal behavior (to stop behavior)
retention
observed behaviors must be remembered
reproduction of action
observed behaviors must be replicable
interstimulus interval
time between the stimuli, the shorter the gap the faster the conditioning
what do we learn in classical conditioning
to associate the condition stimulus with the unconditioned stimulus
conditioned withdrawal reaction
withdrawal precipitated or exacerbated by association with environmental cues.
ratio
refers to behavior
BF Skinner
Behaviorist that developed the theory of operant conditioning by training pigeons and rats. introduced radical behaviorism: if can't observe than not psychology. advocated for control of behavior through simple learning. no need for use of cognition. responses are voluntary and emitted
Albert Bandura
BoBo dolls, adults do it then kids learn,demonstration of observational learning
learning is
CS UCS CS UCS CS UCS
no learning is
CS UCS UCS CS CS UCS
expectancy approach
Expectancy Theory, a motivational theory proposed by Victor Vroom of the Yale School of Management, proposes that people choose to behave in certain ways because they are motivated by the results (or in most cases, rewards) they expect to get from those choices. For example, when a person takes a job he or she will choose to behave in ways they believe will lead to getting some type of reward from that type of behavior (retaining the job, promotions, raises, etc.).
John B Watson
Father of behaviorism, he himself a functionalist. albert, through conditioning the animals and objects that were a source of joy and curiosity became a trigger of fear (stated goals of control and predict behavior)
operant conditioning
Learning based on the consequences of responding.
stimulus discrimination
Process by which an organism learns to respond only to a specific stimulus and not to other stimuli, you show discrimination whenever you don't dance because you can tell the difference between the pbj and the pickle jar or by dancing only at snack time since you know it's the only time pbj happens
Ivan Pavlov
Russian physiologist who observed conditioned salivary responses in dogs (1849-1936), happened on classical conditioning while researching digestion. that won a novel prize
simultaneous conditioning
Simultaneous Conditioning is conditioning that occurs, frequently unintentionally or unplanned, at the same time as formal conditioning or training. For example, in Ivan Pavlov's classic experiments, his dogs were trained to salivate in response to a bell signal (conditioned stimulus) that they associated with being fed (conditioned response). However, at the same time the dogs might also have learned inadvertently to associate the time of day or the sound of a door (unconditioned stimulus) with being fed. In this way, the dogs were being conditioned to respond to multiple stimuli at that same time.
informational approach
The basic idea of Information processing theory is that the human mind is like a computer or information processor — rather than behaviorist notions that people merely responding to stimuli. These theories equate thought mechanisms to that of a computer, in that it receives input, processes, and delivers output. Information gathered from the senses (input), is stored and processed by the brain, and finally brings about a behavioral response (output).
Premack principle
The concept that a more-preferred activity can be used to reinforce a less-preferred activity. (reinforcing a less likely bewaviorwith a more likely behavior)
law of effect
Thorndike's rule that behaviors which have positive outcomes tend to be repeated, the power of a stimulus to evoke a response is strengthened when the response is followed by a reward and weakened when it is not followed by a reward
trace conditioning
Trace conditioning is a type of classical conditioning in which the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) and conditioned stimulus (CS) are presented separately with an interval of time in between. Understanding of the UCS and CS are best explained with an example of salivating dogs. (For trace conditioning to happen the brain needs to form a mental representation of the conditioned stimulus after it has ended. This is called a stimulus trace.)
shaping
Using reinforcers that approximate the goal response is called "shaping."
taste aversion learning
a biological constraint on learning in which an organism learns in one trial to avoid a food whose ingestion is followed by illness
fixed ratio schedule
a schedule of reinforcement in which a reinforcer is delivered for the first response made after a fixed number of responses
fixed interval schedule
a schedule of reinforcement in which a reinforcer is delivered for the first response made after a fixed period of time
variable ratio schedule
a schedule of reinforcement in which a reinforcer is delivered for the first response made after a variable number of responses whose average is predetermined
Behaviorism
an approach to psychology that emphasizes observable measurable behavior and not in observable internal processes
unconditioned stimulus elicits
an unconditioned (natural) response
guiding factors of observational learning
attention, retention, reproduction of action and motivation
variable
average number of behaviors or time
Edward Thorndike
behaviorism; Law of Effect-relationship between behavior and consequence cats in boxes, learning is incremental, automatic and applies to all mammals, introspection is irrelevant and non human animal studies are parsimonious
In classical conditioning, the unconditioned response is the same as the
conditioned response
in classical conditioning the stimulus that comes to elicit a response as a result of pairing with another stimulus is called the
conditioned stimulus
delayed conditioning
conditioned stimulus comes on prior to and says on atlas until the unconditioned stimulus is presented
research suggests that _________ is generally the most effective method for establishing a conditioned reaponse
delayed conditioning
robert koelling
demonstrated that in general animals are biologically prepared to learn certain associations
secondary reinforcer
derive value through association with primary (conditioned reinforcer)
continuous reinforcement schedule
each and every response is reinforced, used to establish or strengthen new behaviors, easier to extinguish
pairing the neutral stimulus with the unconditioned stimulus
establishes classical conditioning
the schedule where reinforcement occurs only after a constant number of responses is called
fixed ratio schedule
Garcia and Koelling (1966)
found that rats associate nausea (UCR) with flavor (CS) , but not light (CS). rats associate electric shock paint (UCR) with light (CS) but not flavor (CS). it will be extremely difficult to elict nausea (CR) in rats using light (CS) or pain(CR) using flavor (CS)
extinction
in conditioning the weakening of a conditioned association in the absence of a reinforcer or unconditioned stimulus
In operant conditioning the ______ which come _____ a behavior will vary to alter that behavior
in operant conditioning the consequences which come after a behavior will vary to alter that behavior
operant conditioning is also known as
instrumental conditioning
backwards conditioning
is a behavior conditioning method in which the unconditioned stimulus (US) is presented before a neutral stimulus (NS).
reinforcement
is a stimulus presented after a desired behavior
punishment
is a stimulus presented after an undesired behavior
classic conditioning occurs when the neutral stimulus
is able to elicit the same response as the unconditioned stimulus aka UCR = CR
stimulus generalization
is the tendency of stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to produce conditioned responses
behavior potentiality
learned behavior may be hidden (learning is inferred from behavior)
observational learning
occurs when we learn new behaviors by observing others (also known as modeling, social learning or vicarious learning)
learning an association between particular behaviors and their consequences occurs in
operant conditioning
Garcia and Koelling, 1966, discovered that
organisms are prepared to associate aversive reaction with particular stimuli
edward tolman
pioneered the study of cognitive processes in learning by inventing experimental circumstances in which mechanical one to one associations between specific stimuli and responses could not explain animals' observed behavior
in classical conditioning the stimuli that _______ a behavior will vary to alter that behavior
precede
fixed
predetermined number of behaviors or time
attention
prestige or status of a model is important
conditioned stimulus
previous neutral stimulus that comes to elicit a conditioned response
john garcia
psychologist who first documented taste aversion learning
interval
refers to passage of time
opening an umbrella in the rain
reinforcement. negative because takes away rain
in operant conditioning procedures that strengthen behaviors are termed
reinforcements
stimulus intensity
required inTensiTy To produce a response from a sensory sysTem
negative reinforcement is to punishment as
response increase is to response decrease
breland and breland found that trained animals may ....
revert back to instinctive behavior (raccoons may be trained to drop wooden coins into a box in return for food (reinforcement). after a whole instead of dropping the coin the raccoon will begin to wash it. in real life raccoon dip and rub their natural prey in water and then eat)
primary reinforcement
satisfy basic needs (unconditioned reinforcers)
both garcia and koelling realized that
some CS - UCS combinations can be classically conditioned in particular species but others cannot
operant conditioning is constrained by
species-specific behavior and biological constraints on learning for example rats constraints are spatial learning and circus bears are natural behaviors
Rescorla and Wagner *****
suggested that CS-UCS pairing is necessary but not sufficient for acquisition to occur. in addition to association the CS must reliably predict the onset of the UCS.
in their use of operant conditioning techniques to train animals from many species to perform various behaviors, the Brelands described instances of animal misbehavior. they attributed this misbehavior to the
tendency for learned behavior to drift toward instinctual behavior
taste aversion
tendency to avoid a flavor (CS) associated with an aversive UCS: may be established in one trial (single Cs-UCS pairing), ISI may be extremely long (hours instead of minutes), taste aversions are resistant to extinction
partial reinforcement effect
the behavioral principle that states that responses acquired under intermittent reinforcement are more difficult to extinguish than those acquired with continuous reinforcement
stimulus generalization
when a conditioned response (pbj happy dance) occurs in relation to a stimulus (jungle plates) other than (but often similar to) the conditioned stimulus (tiger plate). (now u do the happy dance in general)
relative change
xcludes shorT Term changes (moTor fatgue: changed behavior b/c tred