Chapter 6 questions

What happened after Watson classically conditioned Little Albert to fear a tame white rat?

stimulus generalization occurred; Albert responded with fear to fuzzy objects and other fuzzy animals

Henry, a heavy smoker, is interested in quitting. Given what you know about the cognitive processes involved in classical conditioning, what is the MOST likely reason he still has trouble quitting after he is treated with a drug that induces nausea when he smokes a cigarette?

He realizes his nausea is due to the drug, not simply the cigarette.

Which psychologist studied the development of taste aversions and how they could not be explained by the basic principles of classical conditioning?

John Garcia

When Miguel was a child, he was attacked by a swarm of hornets in his backyard. Now, every time he hears the sound of hornets, he immediately becomes frightened. This is an example of _____ conditioning.

classical

While 5-year-old Martha was looking at one of the balloons her mother set out for her birthday, Martha's brother Timmy took a pin and popped the balloon, causing her to flinch and blink quickly. Later, during the party, Martha's mother approached her with a balloon and she blinked and flinched. This is an example of

classical conditioning

Because we are human, language allows us to learn things we have neither experienced nor observed. This type of learning is called

cognitive leaning

Linda had leukemia as a child and had to undergo numerous bouts of chemotherapy. The chemotherapy always made her nauseous. As she underwent a year of treatment, the waiting room started to make her nauseous. The nausea from the waiting room is the

conditioned response

Continuously checking to see if a batch of cookies is done baking is an example of the _____ schedule of reinforcement.

fixed-interval

John just started his vacation from work and scheduled a tee time with friends to play golf Monday morning. On Monday morning, he started driving his car to work instead of the golf course. Driving his car to work instead of the golf course is an example of

habitual behavior

Critics of B. F. Skinner were concerned that

he dehumanized people because he ignored the existence of personal freedom and dignity.

In the United States and Canada, _____ rates doubled between 1957 and 1974, coinciding with the introduction and spread of TV.

homicide

Marcus is taking advanced placement chemistry in high school because he loves science and is fascinated by chemistry experimentation. Wade is taking advanced placement chemistry because his guidance counselor told him he had to if he intended to apply to a pre-med program at a competitive university. Marcus is motivated by _____, while Wade is motivated by _____.

intrinsic; extrinsic

Jill is learning how to play tennis. For her first lesson, her instructor models serving and backhand returns while Jill patiently watches. Jill then tries to imitate the sequence of swings and motions made by her instructor. Which concept BEST describes how Jill is learning to play tennis?

observational learning

_____ behavior produces events in the environment, whereas respondent behavior occurs as an automatic response to a stimulus.

operant

Conditioned taste aversions demonstrate

that certain stimuli are easier to associate than others because of biological preparedness.

In his experiments, Pavlov found that spontaneous recovery often occurred after a conditioned response was extinguished if

the tone was presented again after a few hours without the CS or the US.

In conditioned taste aversion, spoiled or poisoned food is a powerful

unconditioned stimulus

In Watson and Rayner's experiment with Little Albert, the conditioned stimulus (CS) used to produce fear was a

white rat

Ever since she foolishly drank too much tequila at a rock concert and vomited all over her best friend, Erin becomes nauseous at the smell or taste of tequila. In the terminology of classical conditioning, the smell of tequila is now a(n) _____.

conditioned stimulus

Pavlov noticed that dogs began salivating at the mere sight of the person who regularly brought food to them. For the dogs, the sight of this person had become a(n)

conditioned stimulus (CS)

Jonah works in a packaging plant. For every 100 packages he completes, he is given an additional 10-percent increase in his hourly pay. This is a _____ reinforcement schedule.

fixed-ratio

If a child is watching a favorite sibling getting scolded for misbehavior, a _____ neuron is likely to be activated in an empathetic response to this observation.

mirror

Nannette's daughter refused to brush her teeth and threw her toys across the room. Nannette gave her daughter a 20-minute time out. This is an example of a

negative punishment

Four-year-old Mia watched her mother sing while she was brushing her hair. The next day, Mia's mother saw Mia singing while brushing her dog. Mia acquired the behavior through _____ learning.

observational

One chimpanzee watches a second chimp solve a puzzle for a food reward. The first chimp then imitates how the second chimp solved the puzzle. This BEST illustrates _____ learning.

observational

Animals and humans learn about the consequences of behavior through

operant conditioning