Chapter 6 quiz

Long term changes in bone at the tissue level can lead to

Overall change in bone shape and strength

Red bone marrow is found in

Pelvis, ribs, sternum, vertebrae, skull, arm and leg bones

The skeleton protects many internal organs from in- jury. For example, cranial bones protect the brain, vertebrae pro- tect the spinal cord, and the rib cage protects the heart and lungs.

Protection

bones protect sensitive internal organs

Protection

Has many large spaces. Predominate in many flat bones and is in 20% of all bones

Spongy bone

Osteocytes are apart of

The osteon

as we grow and age, some red bone marrow becomes yellow bone marrow; all red bone marrow in infants

Triglyceride

The skeleton serves as the structural framework for the body by supporting soft tissues and providing attachment points for the tendons of most skeletal muscles.

Support

The structural framework of the body

Support

not dividing, anchor epiphysis to epiphyseal plate

Zone of resting cartilage

Basic unit of compact bone

Osteon

3 surface tissues

Endosteum, periosteum, and articular cartilage

Central canal aka

Haversian canal

bones and joints allow muscular actions

Movement

Spongy bone lacks

Osteon

Ossification Process by which bones form occurs in three situations

1. Initial formation of bones in fetus 2. Growth of bone until full maturity 3. Remodeling or repairing bones

ECM of osseous tissues contains

50% mineral salts (calcium and phosphate) 25% collagen fibers, and 25% water

Lamellae

:1. concentric 2. circumferential 3.interstitial

Surface tissue is at ends of bones where joints are

Articular cartilage

thin layer of hyali ne cartilage cov- eringthepartoftheepiphysiswheretheboneformsanarticula- tion Uoint) With another bone and reduces fric- tion and absorbs shock at freely movable joints

Articular cartilage

Most skeletal muscles attach to bones; when they contract, they pull on bones to produce move- ment.

Assistance in movement

mostly dead chondrocytes, calcified cartilage is dissolved by osteoclasts, and osteoblasts lay down new ECM

Calcified cartilage

If a fracture damages the blank plate bone may be shorter than normal because damage cartilage is avascular

Epiphyseal

Responsible for the lengthwise growth of bones and is the site of one bone growth

Epiphyseal plate

Ends of bones

Epiphysis

Scapal, pelvic, cranium, sternum are

Flat bone

Most bone marrow is in

Flat bones

Develops directly within sheet like layers of mesenchyme; is involved in making some flat bones

Intramembranous ossification (fetus)

Anything in spine

Irregular

Complex shapes, facial bones, calcaneous (Vertebra)

Irregular bone

Complex shape backbones (vertebrae), hip bones, certain facial bones, and the heel bone

Irregular bones

Forearm, tibia

Long bone

Middle part of body and is loosely organized, mainly mesodermal embryonic tissue that develops into connective and skeletal tissues including blood and lymph

Mesenchyme

Estrogen, testosterone, thyroid hormone and insulin promotes

Normal bone growth

tough sheath of dense irregular connective tissue that surrounds the bone surface wherever it is not covered by articular cartilage and protectsthebone,assistsinfracLUre repair, helps nourish bone tissue, and serves as an attachment pointforligamentsandtendons.

Periosteum

Osseous tissues have a blank supply and is important and burn development and homeostatic regulation

Rich blood supply

Bones contain many blank resulting in considerable pain when bones are injured

Sensory neurons

Knee aka patella

Sesamoid

Shaped like a sesamoid seed and protect tendons from ex- cessive wear and tear, and they often change the direction of pull of a tendon, which improves the mechanical advantage at a joint.

Sesamoid bones

Cube shaped; carpals and tarsal bones Dev. In tendons with considerable friction;

Short bone

Cubed shape and found in wrist bones (carpals) and most ankle bones (tarsals).

Short bones

ECM makes bones strong in two ways

They are hard (minerals) but flexible (collagen)

large mature chondrocytes

Zone of hypertrophic Cartlidge

divinding chondrocytes to replace those that die @ diaphyseal side of plate

Zone of proliferating Cartlidge

Thin and for muscle attachment and found in cranial bones, which protect the brain; the breastbone (sternum) and ribs, which protect organs in the thorax; and the shoulder blades (scapulae).

Flat bone

Thin, lots of SA for curved at the muscle attachment; ends for strength cranial, sternum, ribs, scapula

Flat bones

spaces filled with osteocytes connected by canaliculi, filled with extracellular fluid & fingerlike projections of neighboring osteocytes; enables communication between cells Many pathways in bone allows for nutrients & O2 to diffuse to. osteocytes;

Lacuna

are Thin, lots of SA for curved at the muscle attachment; ends for strength cranial, sternum, ribs, scapula

Long bones

include those in the thigh (femur), leg (tibia and fibula), arm (humerus), forearm (ulna and radius), and fingers and toes (phalanges).

Long bones

Which section contains osteocytes

Lucana

Between diaphysis and epiphysis; contains epiphysis plates in growing bones (hyaline cartilage layer) when growth stops the epiphyseal plate is filled with osseous tissue

Metaphyses

Osseous tissue stores several minerals, especially calcium and phosphorus, which contribute to the strength of bone. Osseous tissue stores about 99% of the body's calcium. Bones can release minerals on demand into the blood- stream to maintain critical mineral homeostasis and to distrib- ute minerals to other parts of the body.

Mineral homeostasis

bones store calcium and other

Mineral homeostasis

Dev. In tendons with considerable friction; patella; may not be completely ossified -vary in # b/n people (patella)

Sesamoid bone

Skeletal system performs several basic functions

Support, protection, assistance in movement, mineral homeostasis, blood cell production, and triglycerides storage

Yellow bone marrow consists mainly of adipocytes, which store triglycerides. The stored triglycerides are a potential chemical energy reserve. In the newborn, all bone marrow is red and is involved in hemopoiesis. With increasing age, much of the bone marrow changes from red to yeJlow.

Triglyceride storage

Most distinctive aspect of bone is its

Unusual extra cellular matrix

are the regions between the diaphysis and the epiphyses. In a growing_bone, each metaphysis contains an epiphyseaJ plate (ep'-i-FIZ-e-aJ), a layer of hyaline cartilage that allows the diaphysis of the bone to grow in length (de- scribed later in the chapter). When bone growth in length stops, the cartilage in the epiphyseal plate is replaced by osseous tis- sueandtheresultingbonystructureisknownastheepiphyseal line.

metaphyses

hollow, cylindrical space within the diaphysis that contains yellow bone marrow in adults.

medullary cavity or marrow cavity

A connective tissue called red bone marrow produces red blood cells, white blood cells, and plate- lets by a process called hemopoiesis (hem-6-poy-E-sis; hemo- = blood; -poiesis = making). Red bone marrow is present in certain bones, such as the pelvis, ribs, sternum (breastbone), vertebrae (backbones), skull, and ends of the arm bones and thigh bones.

Blood cell production

all blood cells originate in the red bone marrow

Blood cell production

Brings in new nutrients and takes out old nutrients

Blood vessels

2 types of Osseous tissues

Compact and spongy bone

Is more dense and is 80% of all bone, few spaces, external layer of all bones

Compact bone

Osteon is made of blank rings of extra cellular matrix

Concentric

Body and middle of the bone

Diaphysis

Each bone is a blank structure that contains multiple tissues

Dynamic

Growth of long bone and replacement of cartilage model with osseous tissue. Has bone cells forming inside a pre-existing highland Cartlidge model and is responsible for most of our bones.

Endochondral ossification

Red Bone Marrow produces RBCs, WBCs & platelets in a process called

Hemopoiesis

Too much blank activity turns into bones becoming abnormally thick and heavy spurs may develop

Osteo blastic

synthesize/secrete collagen fibers & ECM; initiate calcification. As they surround themselves w/ECM & become trapped—> osteocytes

Osteoblasts

Too much blank activity causes loss of extracellular matrix, osteoporosis, Ricketts, Ossu Mulisha, and packets disease

Osteoclastic

huge; fusion of ~50 monocytes; concentrated in the endosteum; releases lysosomal enzymes that digest osseous ECM (resorption); part of normal dev. & maintenance & repair; helps regulate blood Ca levels: garbage cells and they are huge

Osteoclasts

mature bone cells; most numerous; don't undergo cell division but maintain daily osseous metabolism

Osteocytes

stem cells; only bone cells that undergo division; resulting cells are osteoblasts; found in inner portion or periosteum, endosteum & canals of bone: gets everything going and the inmaturest cell

Osteogenic cells

Repeating structural unit and compact bone a.k.a. Haversian systems

Osteon

is the bone's shaft, or body-the long, cylindrical, main portion of the bone.

diaphysis

thin con- nective tissue membrane that lines the medullary cavity, con- tains bone-forming cells.

endosteum

are the proximal and distal ends of the bone.

epiphyses

Blood & lymphatic vessels & nerves from periosteum penetrate compact bone via

perforating canals (Volkmann's canal)

Wrist ankle

short bones