Chapter 6 quiz
Long term changes in bone at the tissue level can lead to
Overall change in bone shape and strength
Red bone marrow is found in
Pelvis, ribs, sternum, vertebrae, skull, arm and leg bones
The skeleton protects many internal organs from in- jury. For example, cranial bones protect the brain, vertebrae pro- tect the spinal cord, and the rib cage protects the heart and lungs.
Protection
bones protect sensitive internal organs
Protection
Has many large spaces. Predominate in many flat bones and is in 20% of all bones
Spongy bone
Osteocytes are apart of
The osteon
as we grow and age, some red bone marrow becomes yellow bone marrow; all red bone marrow in infants
Triglyceride
The skeleton serves as the structural framework for the body by supporting soft tissues and providing attachment points for the tendons of most skeletal muscles.
Support
The structural framework of the body
Support
not dividing, anchor epiphysis to epiphyseal plate
Zone of resting cartilage
Basic unit of compact bone
Osteon
3 surface tissues
Endosteum, periosteum, and articular cartilage
Central canal aka
Haversian canal
bones and joints allow muscular actions
Movement
Spongy bone lacks
Osteon
Ossification Process by which bones form occurs in three situations
1. Initial formation of bones in fetus 2. Growth of bone until full maturity 3. Remodeling or repairing bones
ECM of osseous tissues contains
50% mineral salts (calcium and phosphate) 25% collagen fibers, and 25% water
Lamellae
:1. concentric 2. circumferential 3.interstitial
Surface tissue is at ends of bones where joints are
Articular cartilage
thin layer of hyali ne cartilage cov- eringthepartoftheepiphysiswheretheboneformsanarticula- tion Uoint) With another bone and reduces fric- tion and absorbs shock at freely movable joints
Articular cartilage
Most skeletal muscles attach to bones; when they contract, they pull on bones to produce move- ment.
Assistance in movement
mostly dead chondrocytes, calcified cartilage is dissolved by osteoclasts, and osteoblasts lay down new ECM
Calcified cartilage
If a fracture damages the blank plate bone may be shorter than normal because damage cartilage is avascular
Epiphyseal
Responsible for the lengthwise growth of bones and is the site of one bone growth
Epiphyseal plate
Ends of bones
Epiphysis
Scapal, pelvic, cranium, sternum are
Flat bone
Most bone marrow is in
Flat bones
Develops directly within sheet like layers of mesenchyme; is involved in making some flat bones
Intramembranous ossification (fetus)
Anything in spine
Irregular
Complex shapes, facial bones, calcaneous (Vertebra)
Irregular bone
Complex shape backbones (vertebrae), hip bones, certain facial bones, and the heel bone
Irregular bones
Forearm, tibia
Long bone
Middle part of body and is loosely organized, mainly mesodermal embryonic tissue that develops into connective and skeletal tissues including blood and lymph
Mesenchyme
Estrogen, testosterone, thyroid hormone and insulin promotes
Normal bone growth
tough sheath of dense irregular connective tissue that surrounds the bone surface wherever it is not covered by articular cartilage and protectsthebone,assistsinfracLUre repair, helps nourish bone tissue, and serves as an attachment pointforligamentsandtendons.
Periosteum
Osseous tissues have a blank supply and is important and burn development and homeostatic regulation
Rich blood supply
Bones contain many blank resulting in considerable pain when bones are injured
Sensory neurons
Knee aka patella
Sesamoid
Shaped like a sesamoid seed and protect tendons from ex- cessive wear and tear, and they often change the direction of pull of a tendon, which improves the mechanical advantage at a joint.
Sesamoid bones
Cube shaped; carpals and tarsal bones Dev. In tendons with considerable friction;
Short bone
Cubed shape and found in wrist bones (carpals) and most ankle bones (tarsals).
Short bones
ECM makes bones strong in two ways
They are hard (minerals) but flexible (collagen)
large mature chondrocytes
Zone of hypertrophic Cartlidge
divinding chondrocytes to replace those that die @ diaphyseal side of plate
Zone of proliferating Cartlidge
Thin and for muscle attachment and found in cranial bones, which protect the brain; the breastbone (sternum) and ribs, which protect organs in the thorax; and the shoulder blades (scapulae).
Flat bone
Thin, lots of SA for curved at the muscle attachment; ends for strength cranial, sternum, ribs, scapula
Flat bones
spaces filled with osteocytes connected by canaliculi, filled with extracellular fluid & fingerlike projections of neighboring osteocytes; enables communication between cells Many pathways in bone allows for nutrients & O2 to diffuse to. osteocytes;
Lacuna
are Thin, lots of SA for curved at the muscle attachment; ends for strength cranial, sternum, ribs, scapula
Long bones
include those in the thigh (femur), leg (tibia and fibula), arm (humerus), forearm (ulna and radius), and fingers and toes (phalanges).
Long bones
Which section contains osteocytes
Lucana
Between diaphysis and epiphysis; contains epiphysis plates in growing bones (hyaline cartilage layer) when growth stops the epiphyseal plate is filled with osseous tissue
Metaphyses
Osseous tissue stores several minerals, especially calcium and phosphorus, which contribute to the strength of bone. Osseous tissue stores about 99% of the body's calcium. Bones can release minerals on demand into the blood- stream to maintain critical mineral homeostasis and to distrib- ute minerals to other parts of the body.
Mineral homeostasis
bones store calcium and other
Mineral homeostasis
Dev. In tendons with considerable friction; patella; may not be completely ossified -vary in # b/n people (patella)
Sesamoid bone
Skeletal system performs several basic functions
Support, protection, assistance in movement, mineral homeostasis, blood cell production, and triglycerides storage
Yellow bone marrow consists mainly of adipocytes, which store triglycerides. The stored triglycerides are a potential chemical energy reserve. In the newborn, all bone marrow is red and is involved in hemopoiesis. With increasing age, much of the bone marrow changes from red to yeJlow.
Triglyceride storage
Most distinctive aspect of bone is its
Unusual extra cellular matrix
are the regions between the diaphysis and the epiphyses. In a growing_bone, each metaphysis contains an epiphyseaJ plate (ep'-i-FIZ-e-aJ), a layer of hyaline cartilage that allows the diaphysis of the bone to grow in length (de- scribed later in the chapter). When bone growth in length stops, the cartilage in the epiphyseal plate is replaced by osseous tis- sueandtheresultingbonystructureisknownastheepiphyseal line.
metaphyses
hollow, cylindrical space within the diaphysis that contains yellow bone marrow in adults.
medullary cavity or marrow cavity
A connective tissue called red bone marrow produces red blood cells, white blood cells, and plate- lets by a process called hemopoiesis (hem-6-poy-E-sis; hemo- = blood; -poiesis = making). Red bone marrow is present in certain bones, such as the pelvis, ribs, sternum (breastbone), vertebrae (backbones), skull, and ends of the arm bones and thigh bones.
Blood cell production
all blood cells originate in the red bone marrow
Blood cell production
Brings in new nutrients and takes out old nutrients
Blood vessels
2 types of Osseous tissues
Compact and spongy bone
Is more dense and is 80% of all bone, few spaces, external layer of all bones
Compact bone
Osteon is made of blank rings of extra cellular matrix
Concentric
Body and middle of the bone
Diaphysis
Each bone is a blank structure that contains multiple tissues
Dynamic
Growth of long bone and replacement of cartilage model with osseous tissue. Has bone cells forming inside a pre-existing highland Cartlidge model and is responsible for most of our bones.
Endochondral ossification
Red Bone Marrow produces RBCs, WBCs & platelets in a process called
Hemopoiesis
Too much blank activity turns into bones becoming abnormally thick and heavy spurs may develop
Osteo blastic
synthesize/secrete collagen fibers & ECM; initiate calcification. As they surround themselves w/ECM & become trapped—> osteocytes
Osteoblasts
Too much blank activity causes loss of extracellular matrix, osteoporosis, Ricketts, Ossu Mulisha, and packets disease
Osteoclastic
huge; fusion of ~50 monocytes; concentrated in the endosteum; releases lysosomal enzymes that digest osseous ECM (resorption); part of normal dev. & maintenance & repair; helps regulate blood Ca levels: garbage cells and they are huge
Osteoclasts
mature bone cells; most numerous; don't undergo cell division but maintain daily osseous metabolism
Osteocytes
stem cells; only bone cells that undergo division; resulting cells are osteoblasts; found in inner portion or periosteum, endosteum & canals of bone: gets everything going and the inmaturest cell
Osteogenic cells
Repeating structural unit and compact bone a.k.a. Haversian systems
Osteon
is the bone's shaft, or body-the long, cylindrical, main portion of the bone.
diaphysis
thin con- nective tissue membrane that lines the medullary cavity, con- tains bone-forming cells.
endosteum
are the proximal and distal ends of the bone.
epiphyses
Blood & lymphatic vessels & nerves from periosteum penetrate compact bone via
perforating canals (Volkmann's canal)
Wrist ankle
short bones