Chapter 6- resistance exercise for impaired muscle performance

valsalva maneuver

defined as an expiratory effort against a closed glottis, which must be avoided during resistance exercises

type II fibers

generate a great amount of tension within a short period of time

mode

identified by the form of exercise, the type of muscle contraction that occurs, and the manner in which the exercise is carried out

3-4 minutes

length of recovery from acute exercises (between sets) with majority of recovery occurring in the 1st minute

isokinetic exercise

a form of dynamic exercise in which the velocity of muscle shortening/lengthening and angular limb velocity is predetermined and held constant by a rate limiting device

pathological (fragility) fracture

a fracture of bone already weakened by disease that occurs as the result of minor stress to the skeletal system

detraining

a reduction in muscle performance- begins within a week or two after the cessation of resistance exercises and continues until training effects are lost

isometric exercise

a static form of exercise in which a muscle contracts and produces force without an appreciable change in length and without visible joint motion

recovery from fatigue

a sufficient rest interval that should be a recurring component of a resistance exercise program to avoid the plateau or deterioration of performance

manual resistance exercise

a type of active-resistive exercise in which resistance is provided by a therapist (patient can be taught how to apply self-resistance)

functional strength

ability to produce, reduce, or control forces, contemplated or imposed during functional activities, in a smooth, coordinated manner

training zone

after establishing the baseline RM, the amount of resistance to be used is calculated as a percentage of a 1 RM for a particular muscle group

hyperplasia

an increase in the number of muscle fibers as a result of the longitudinal splitting of fibers- associated with heavy resistance training- occurs when individual muscle fibers increase in size and become insufficient, so they split to form 2 distinct fibers

hypertrophy

an increase in the size of an individual muscle fiber, caused by an increase in myofibrillar volume- this is an increasingly important adaptation that accounts for strength gains in muscle

resistance exercise

any form of active exercise in which dynamic or static muscle contraction is resisted by an outside force applied manually or mechanically

neural adaptations

are attributed to motor learning and improved coordination and include increased recruitment in the number of motor units firing as well as an increased rate and synchronization of firing

cardiopulmonary (total-body) endurance

associated with repetitive, dynamic motor activities, such as walking, cycling, swimming, etc., which involve use of the large muscles in the body- enhancing the abilities of the cardio system and pulmonary system

power training

can be enhanced by either increasing the work during a specified period of time of by reducing the amount of time required to produce a given force (strength is a necessary foundation)

transformation of type IIB to type IIA

common with endurance training as well as the early weeks of heavy resistance training

power

defined as the work (force x distance) produced by a muscle per unit of time- also referred to the rate at which a muscle contracts and produces a resultant force (determined by force and velocity)

muscle power

deterioration of this with age has a stronger relationship to functional limitations and disability than does muscular strength

level of perceived loading

estimates an appropriate level of resistance and sufficient exercise intensity for muscle strengthening

inactivity and disuse

factors that, in part, progressively lead to loss of muscle strength during the advanced years

type I fibers

generate a low level of tension over a longer period of time; they are geared toward aerobic metabolism and are more resistant to fatigue than other fiber types

endurance training

having a muscle contract and lift or lower a light load for many reps or sustain a muscle contraction for an extended period of time (low- intensity, high reps, long time)

most common adaptation to strength training

increase in the max force-producing capacity of muscle and increase in muscle fiber size

overload in endurance training

increase the time a muscle contraction is sustained or the number of repetitions

tendon and ligament tensile strength

increases in response to resistance training to support the adaptive strength and size changes in muscle

way in which muscles adapt to endurance training

increases in their oxidative and metabolic capacities (better delivery and use of oxygen)

muscle setting exercises

involve low intensity, isometric contractions performed against little to no resistance- used to decrease muscle pain and spasm and to promote relaxation and circulation after injury to soft tissues during acute stage of healing

eccentric muscle contraction

lengthening of a muscle under tension to return a joint to normal- as the velocity of active muscle lengthening increases, force production in the muscle initially increases, but then quickly levels off

frequency

refers to the number of exercise sessions per day or per week

overload principle

states that if muscle performance is to improve, a load that exceeds the metabolic capacity of the muscle must be applied

strength acquisition (young and middle adulthood)

strength reaches a maximal level earlier in women than men, with women reaching a peak during the second decade and in most men by age thirty

strength training

systemic procedure of a muscle/muscle group lifting, lowering or controlling heavy loads for a low number of reps over a short period of time

muscle (local) endurance

the ability of a muscle to contract repeatedly against a load, generate and sustain tension, and resist fatigue over an extended period of time

muscle strength

the ability of contractile tissue to produce tension and a resultant force based on the demands placed on the muscle

endurance

the ability to preform low-intensity, repetitive, or sustained activities over a prolonged period of time

overload in strength training

the amount of resistance applied to the muscle is incrementally and progressively increased

exercise intensity

the amount of resistance imposed on the contracting muscle during each repetition of an exercise

musculotendinous junction

the area at which strength improvement in tendons occurs

60 years

the decline in number of motor units appears to begin after this age (as well as muscle strength, speed of contraction, endurance, and ability to recover from fatigue)

local muscle fatigue

the diminished response of a muscle to a repeated stimulus- reflected in a progressive decrement in the amplitude of motor unit potentials

cardiopulmonary (general) fatigue

the diminished response of an individual (entire body) as a result of prolonged physical activity- related to the body's ability to use oxygen efficiently

repetition maximum

the greatest amount of weight a subject can move through the available ROM for a specified number of times

1RM

the greatest measurable force that can be exerted by a muscle or muscle group to overcome resistance during a single maximum effort

threshold for fatigue

the level of exercise that cannot be sustained indefinitely- could be noted as a length of time a contraction is maintained of number of reps that can be preformed

isokinetic dynamometer

the rate limiting device that allows the muscle to put forth maximal effort during all portions in the range of the movement, not at only one small portion of the range

concentric muscle contraction

the shortening of a muscle to move a joint- as the velocity of muscle shortening increases, the force the muscle can generate decreases

exercise volume

the summation of the total number of repetitions and sets of a particular exercise during a single exercise session times the intensity of the exercise

muscle performance

the three elements (strength, power, and endurance) can be enhanced by some form of resistance training; the extent to which each element is altered depends on how principles are applied and how the intensity, frequency, and duration of exercise are manipulated

duration

the total number of weeks of months during which a resistance training program is carried out

type II B

this type of type II fibers is geared toward anaerobic metabolic activity and has a tendency to fatigue more quickly than the other type

substitute motions

when muscles are weak due to fatigue, paralysis, or pain, a patient may attempt to carry out the desired movements that the weak muscles normally preform by any means possible