Chapter 6 - The Proteins and Amino Acids

Which foods are considered low quality or incomplete proteins?

Grains, beans, nuts, and vegetables.

Which foods provide protein in the human diet?

Meats, dairy, eggs, beans, seeds & nuts, grains, vegetables, and choose low saturated fat sources.

How are proteins formed in the body?

Proteins are formed in the body which are called amino acids. These amino acids are obtained through foods with essential amino acids in them. 9 of which must be obtain through food only and the other 11 are converted and produced from the inside of the body.

Protein-Energy Malnutrition

• Most widespread form of malnutrition in the world • Often accompanied by iron, zinc, vitamin B12, and niacin deficiency

Protein Requirements for Activity

• Recreational excerciser, adult: 0.8-1.5 g/kg • Endurance athlete, adult: 1.2-1.6 g/kg • Adult building muscle mass: 1.5-1.7 g/kg • Athlete restricting calories: 1.8-2.0 g/kg

Vegetarian benefits to health

•Low fat, high fiber, high in fruits and veggies • Lower risk of: heart disease, stroke, hypertension, diabetes, colon cancer and obesity

How is the structure of protein different from the structure of carbs and fat?

Proteins contain nitrogen atoms in addition to the carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms that all three energy-yielding nutrients contain. These form, amino acids called "building blocks of protein." The amino acid molecules is different from carbs because each strand is unique rather than repeating units of strands.

What determines the order of the amino acids during protein formation?

The first step of making a protein, each amino acid is hooked to the next. Then a chemical bond called a peptide bond is formed between the amine group of one amino acid and the acid group end of the next. 10 or more is called a polypeptide, the strands causes attraction and then starts to coil.

What are the building blocks of proteins?

Amino acids

What are complementary proteins? Provide a few examples.

1. Legumes has isoleucine (ILE) and lysine (Lys) 2. Grains has methionine (Met) and tryptophan (Trp) 3. Together they make ILE, Lys, Met, & Trp.

How many amino acids are required in the human body?

20

How many amino acids are essential in the human diet?

9

Vegetarian

A person who eats no meat, fish, or poultry

What is kwashiorkor? What causes it and what symptoms might you see in someone with this condition?

A severe malnutrition characterized by failure to grow and develop, edema, changes in the pigmentation of hair and skin, fatty liver, anemia, and apathy. The cause is lack of protein and many other nutrients. They appear with edema, a fluid shift out of the blood and into the tissues that causes swelling. Also, loss of hair color, telltale patchy and scaly skin, and sores that fail to heal.

Why is protein important or what are the functions of protein in the human body?

Building material for: muscles & connective tissue, enzymes, hormones, and antibodies. Transports substances (e.g. lipoproteins): Helps maintain fluid electrolyte balance and acid-base balance, helps clot the blood, and provides.

The DRI recommendation intake for protein is 1 gram per pound of body weight.

False. (You have to calculate. Example: your weight 120 lbs/2.2 = 54.545 kg 54.5 kg x 0.8 = 43.6 rounded to 44 grams of protein

What is marasmus malnutrition? What causes it and what symptoms might you see in someone with this condition?

It is a severe malnutrition characterized by poor growth, dramatic weight loss, loss of body fat and muscle, and apathy. The cause is starvation and weigh too little and upper arm is smaller than normal. They are described as "skin and bones."

What is negative nitrogen balance? (Give examples).

Negative nitrogen balance occurs when muscle or other protein tissue is broken down and lost; nitrogen excretion increases. Examples: 1) In surgery patients where illness or injury triggers release of powerful messengers that signal body to break down less vital proteins like blood, skin, and muscle of surgery patients. 2) In astronauts where stress of flight and with no need to support the body's weight against gravity, the astronauts' muscles waste and weaken.

If protein is used for energy

Nitrogen is excreted

What happens if the wrong amino acid is inserted?

Often, if a wrong amino acid is inserted, the result can be disastrous to health.

What is the DRI or minimum protein requirement?

The DRI recommended intake for adults is 0.8 grams of protein per kilogram of body weight.

What is the AMDR for protein?

The allowances for macronutrients daily recommendations is: 10-35%

What is the difference between a high quality (complete) protein source and a low quality (incomplete) protein source?

The difference between them is that complete proteins provides all of the essential amino acids whereas incomplete proteins is deficient in one or more of the essential amino acids.

The building blocks for protein are amino acids.

True

Who is in nitrogen equilibrium?

Under normal circumstances, healthy adults are in nitrogen equilibrium, or zero balance: that is, they have the same amount of total protein in their bodies at all times. (Examples: a healthy college student and a young retiree). Basically, nitrogen balance is a term used referring to consumption of nitrogen foods which could be obtained, maintained, or loss through sweat, urine, & feces.

What is positive nitrogen balance? (Give examples).

When nitrogen-in exceeds nitrogen-out, people are said to be in positive nitrogen balance; somewhere in their bodies more proteins are being built than are being broken down and lost. Examples: 1) Growing children add new blood, bone, and muscle cells to their bodies every day, so children have more protein, and therefore, more nitrogen. 2) A person building muscle. 3) A pregnant woman retaining nitrogen more than they are excreting.