Chapter 6/7 Recharge

Which of the following are traits of intellectually gifted people? (Select all that apply.)

Academically advanced Socially well-adjusted Superior talent in a particular area IQ of 130 or above

_____ are mental categories that are used to group objects, events, and characteristics.

Concepts

_____ is a learning disability characterized by difficulty with learning to read fluently and with accurate comprehension, despite normal intelligence.

Dyslexia

True or false: Memories in the brain are stored in a specific location.

False

Which of the following are levels of autobiographical memory? (Select all that apply.)

General events Event-specific knowledge Life time periods

Which of the following options are true of explicit memory? (Select all that apply.)

It is sometimes referred to as declarative memory. It has two subtypes of memory: episodic and semantic

Being alert and mentally present for one's everyday activities is known as which of the following?

Mindfulness

What is infinite generativity?

The ability to produce an infinite number of sentences using a relatively limited set of rules

What is validity?

The extent to which a test measures what it is intended to measure

____ intelligence is the ability to judge, evaluate, compare, and contrast.

analytical

A special form of episodic memory is _____ memory, which includes individuals' recollections of their life experiences, which generally include some memory and some myth.

autobiographical

When an infant utters sounds such as "ma," "pa," and "me" more or less randomly, he is _____.

babbling

When considering the ______ influences on language, a number of experts believe that language is a very recent human ability.

biological

Thinking, language, memory, and reasoning are all part of _____ psychology.

cognitive

When it comes to categorizing new information, our brains use several techniques; for example, the mental category that is used to group objects and events is called a(n) .

concept

Explicit memory is the _____ recollection of information such as facts and events.

conscious

is a learning disability characterized by difficulty with learning to read fluently and with accurate comprehension, despite normal intelligence.

dyslexia

Dr. Marsh has her General Psychology class go through an exercise in which they look at a group of objects and attempt to remember them. Then she has the class look at another group of objects and create a story involving them. The class finds the second group easier to remember because of _____.

elaboration

when _____ is extensive, the person has attempted to make the to-be-remembered information meaningful and has engaged in detailed processing.

elaboration

According to levels of processing, the process of _____ involves three levels.

encoding

The initial recording of information into memory is called

encoding

_____ failure occurs when the information has never entered into long-term memory.

encoding

Explicit memory has two subtypes. Autobiographical memory, a special form of _______ memory (which is one of explicit memory's subtypes), is a person's recollections of his or her life experiences.

episodic

True or false: The heritability of intelligence is static across the lifespan.

false

True or false: There are five levels of processing in the encoding process.

false

Hermann Ebbinghaus was the first person to conduct scientific research on _____.

forgetting

Estimates of _____ can change over time and across different groups; estimates for intelligence may differ with changes in nutrition, quality of school, neighborhood stability, and other factors.

heritability

In order to remember the way to the library, Kareem created a mental picture of all of the things he sees on his usual route. Kareem used mental _____ to remember the necessary route.

imagery

When Don was an undergraduate many years ago, his physics professor shot a flaming arrow across the lecture hall to illustrate a physics theory. Because Don vividly remembers the theory today, this is an example of _____.

imagery

You know how to tie your shoes, and when you do, the procedure can be carried out non-consciously. This is an example of _____ memory.

implicit

____ memory is when behavior is affected by prior experiences without conscious recollection of the experience.

implicit

Reasoning from the specific to the general or from the bottom up is known as _____.

inductive reasoning

Problem-solving skills and the ability to adapt to and learn from life's everyday experiences is known as _____.

intelligence

Many experts believe that biological evolution that occurred long before _____ emerged shaped humans into linguistic individuals.

language

We use _____, symbols, signs, or sounds arranged according to systematic rules to communicate our ideas.

language

___ is a communication system that follows rules of syntax and grammar.

language

_____ is defined as the retention of information or experience over time.

memory

Encoding failure occurs when the information was _____.

never entered into long-term memory

Long-term memory is a _____ type of memory that stores huge amounts of information.

permanent

All of the following are aspects of thinking, EXCEPT _____.

physically manipulating objects

Alan had a list of items to buy at the hardware store, but when he arrived at the store, he found he had forgotten to bring his list. "Oh, well," he said, "I remember the first three, so I may as well get those." This illustrates the _____ effect.

primacy

In terms of the effects of serial position, the _____ effect refers to better recall for items at the beginning.

primacy

Allison lived in a foreign country for a year, and she didn't drive a car during that time. When she came back to the United States, she found it effortless to drive her car. Her ability to remember how to drive is an example of _____ memory.

procedural

Aaron has elaborate systems set up on his computer to remind him of all the things he has to do and when he has to do them. The computer is helping Aaron with _____ memory.

prospective

The type of memory that involves remembering information about doing something in the future is _____ memory.

prospective

The mental activity of transforming information to reach conclusions is known as _____. This activity is involved in problem solving and decision making.

reasoning

____ is a memory task in which the person has to retrieve previously learned information; _____ is a memory task in which the person has to identify learned items.

recall; recognition

Jason is actively trying to remember his teammates' names, so he writes down the numbers from their jerseys and the position they play on the team, along with the first letter of their names. He is using the numbers as _____ cues to help his memory for the names of his teammates.

retrieval

Which of the following is the memory process by which information held in memory is brought out of storage?

retrieval

_____ is the memory process by which information retained in memory is brought out of storage, that is, when we recall or remember something.

retrieval

is a general mental framework that helps people to organize and understand information.

schema

_____ attention involves focusing on a specific aspect of experience while ignoring other stimuli.

selective

Marisol is reading her textbook while ignoring the argument her younger siblings are having in the same room. Marisol's situation is a good example of _____.

selective attention

The three stages of memory in the Atkinson-Shiffrin theory are ____ memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory.

sensory

You are driving down the highway and see a billboard with a phone number on it. You tell yourself to remember it, but after you drive a little farther, you find you've forgotten it. This describes the limitations of ____ _____

short term

Marie's dorm room is a total mess, and Marie is so overwhelmed, she doesn't know how to fix it. Marie's older sister tells her to start by putting dirty clothes in the hamper and folding the clean ones, and then to move on to putting away books and papers. Marie's sister is using _____ to help Marie solve her problem.

subgoals

Neuroscientists studying memory have benefited greatly from the use of MRI scans. They are able to see brain activation while a person is remembering. This has led them to conclude that _____.

there is no one memory center in the brain

Ian wants his sister to drive him to the movies. He is imagining various ways of achieving this. In other words, he is ______.

thinking

_____ involves manipulating information mentally by forming concepts, solving problems, making decisions, and reflecting in a critical or creative manner.

thinking

A test (such as an IQ test) that accurately measures what it is intended to measure is highly

valid

_____ memory is a limited-capacity memory system in which information is usually retained for less than a minute unless strategies are used to retain it longer.

Short-term

Which of the following holds information from the world in its original form for only a brief moment in time?

Sensory memory