Chapter 7
In "The Federalist", James Madison argued that:
The large size of the United States was a source of political stability
False about the Bill of Rights:
It explicitly granted states the right of secession.
This is TRUE of the Virginia Plan:
It proposed a two-house legislature, with population determining representation in each house.
What proposal by Alexander Hamilton found little support in the Constitutional Convention?
Life terms for President and Senators.
Who was defeated at the Battle of Fallen Timbers in 1794?
Little Turtle
Miami Confederacy
Little Turtle was the leader, Open warfare in 1791, Inflicted humiliating defeat on American forces led by Arthur St. Clair
During the early years of the republic, African-Americans:
Made up well over 10% of the total population.
Blacks and the Republic (5/3)
/The status of citizenship for free blacks was left to individual states. /Crèvecoeur's Letters from an American Farmer described America as a melting pot of Europeans. /Like Crèvecoeur, many white Americans excluded blacks from their conception of the American people. -The Naturalization Act of 1790 limited naturalization (the process by which immigrants become citizens) to "free white persons."
Which of the following does NOT describe those who attended the Constitutional Convention?
Most had earned their wealth after rising from humble origins.
Shays's Rebellion (2/5)
/facing seizure of land, Debt-written farmers close the courts in western Massachusetts -they molded their protest and those of the revolutionary era, using liberty trees /shays rebellion convinced many of the need for a stronger central government to protect property rights (A form of private liberty) from too much power in the hands of the people
Nationalists of the 1780s (2/6)
/nation builders like James Madison and Alexander Hamilton called for increased national authority /The concerns voiced by critics of the articles found a sympathetic hearing among men who had developed national consciousness during the revolution /at a meeting in Annapolis (September 1786) , Delegates called for a convention to amend the articles of confederation in order to avoid anarchy and monarchy
The Anti-Federalists (4/3)
/Anti-Federalists, who opposed ratification, argued that the republic had to be small and warned that the Constitution would result in an oppressive government. /"Liberty" was the Anti-Federalists' watchword. -They argued for a Bill of Rights. /Federalists tended to be men of substantial property, urban dwellers seeking prosperity, and rural residents tied to the commercial marketplace. /Anti-Federalists drew support from small farmers in more isolated rural areas (e.g., New York's /Hudson Valley, western Massachusetts, the southern backcountry). /Federalists dominated the press, which helped them carry the day. /Madison won support for the Constitution by promising a bill of rights later. /By mid-1788, the required nine states had ratified. /Only Rhode Island and North Carolina voted against ratification, but they eventually joined the new government.
Congress, Settlers, and the West (2/2)
/Congress established national control over land to the west of the 13 states and devised rules for its settlement. /in the immediate aftermath of the independence, Congress took the position by aiding the British, Indians had forfeited to their lands. /Congress based conflicting pressures from the settlers and land speculators regarding western development. /peace brought rapid settlement into the frontier areas. /leaders feared unregulated flow of settlement across the Appalachian Mountains could provoke constant warfare with the Indians.
The Final Document (3/6)
/Delegates signed the final draft on September 17, 1787. /The Constitution created a new framework for American development.
Indians of the New Nation (5/2)
/Indian tribes had no representation in the new government. /The treaty system was used with Indians, and Congress forbade the transfer of Indian land without federal approval. /The U.S. victory at the Battle of Fallen Timbers led to the Treaty of Greenville in 1795. -Under this treaty, twelve Indian tribes ceded most of Ohio and Indiana to the United States. -The treaty established the annuity system-yearly grants of federal money to Indian tribes that led to continuing U.S. government influence in tribal affairs. /Some prominent Americans believed that Indians could assimilate into society. -Assimilation meant transforming traditional Indian life.
Jefferson, Slavery, and Race (5/4)
/John Locke and others maintained that reason was essential to having liberty. -Many white Americans did not consider blacks to be rational beings. -Jefferson's Notes on the State of Virginia claimed blacks lacked self-control, reason, and devotion to the larger community. /Jefferson did not think any group was fixed permanently in a status of inferiority. /Some prominent Virginians believed black Americans could not become part of the America nation.
The Bill of Rights (4/4)
/Madison believed the Constitution would protect liberty without the addition of a bill of rights. Still, to satisfy the Constitution's critics, Madison introduced a bill of rights to the first Congress. /Some rights, such as the prohibiting of excessive bail and cruel and unusual punishments, reflected /English roots, while others, such as the recognition of religious freedom, were uniquely American. /Among the most important rights were freedom of speech and of the press, vital building blocks of a democratic public sphere.
"Extend the Sphere" (4/2)
/Madison had a new vision of the relationship between government and society in Federalist no. 10 and no. 51. /Madison argued that the large size of the United States was a source of stability, not weakness. /Madison helped to popularize the liberal idea that men are generally motivated by self-interest and that the good of society arises from the clash of these private interests.
The Federalist (4/1)
/Nine of the thirteen states had to ratify the document. /The Federalist was published to generate support for ratification. -Hamilton argued the Constitution had created "the perfect balance between liberty and power."
The debate over slavery (3/4)
/Slavery divided the delegates. /The words "slave" and "slavery" did not appear in the Constitution, but it did provide for slavery. /The South Carolinian delegates proved very influential in preserving slavery within the Constitution.
National Identity (5/1)
/The Constitution identifies three populations inhabiting the United States: -Indians -"Other persons," which meant slaves -"People," who were the only ones entitled to American freedom
Slavery in the Constitution (3/5)
/The Constitution prevented Congress from prohibiting the slave trade until 1808. /The fugitive slave clause made clear that the condition of bondage remained attached to a person even if he or she escaped to a free area, and it required all states to help police the institution of slavery. /The federal government could not interfere with slavery in the states. -Slave states had more power due to the three-fifths clause.
The Land Ordinances (2/3)
/The Northwest ordinance of 1787 established policy that admitted the areas population as equal numbers of the political system /The ordinance of 1784 established stages of self government for the west /The ordinance of 1785 regular plain sales in the region of North Ohio River and establish the township system there /like the brace before them, American officials found it difficult to regulate the thirst for new land
Principles of Freedom (5/5)
/The Revolution widened the divide between free Americans and those who remained in slavery. /"We the people" increasingly meant white Americans.
The division and separation of powers (3/3)
/The constitution embodies federalism and a system of checks and balances -Federalism refers to the relationship between the national government and states -The separation of powers, why the system of checks and balances, refers to the way the constitution seeks to prevent any branch of the national government from dominating the other two
The limits of democracy (3/2)
/The constitution left determination of voter qualifications to the states /The new government was based on limited democracy /Federal judges would be appointed by the president /The president will be elected by and electoral college, or, in the case of a tie in that body, by the House of Representatives
Articles of Confederation (2/1)
/The first written constitution -One-House Congress - No President - No judiciary /The only powers granted to the national government were those for declaring war, conducting foreign affairs, and making treaties.
What was the Annuity System involving the U.S. government and certain Indian Tribes
A system under which the federal government gave annual monetary grants to Indians.
The Structure of Government (3/1)
/prominent wealthy and well-educated men took part in The constitutional convention /delegates quickly agreed the constitution would create a legislature, and executive, and a national judiciary /The key to stable, effective republican government was finding a way to balance the competing claims of liberty and power /A compromise over the shape of Congress emerge from debate over the Virginia and New Jersey plans -Virginia plan (David buy more popular states): two-house legislature where state's population determined representation in both houses -New Jersey plan (favored by :-)): one-house legislator in which each state cast one vote -compromise: two-house Tongass consisting of senate (each state had to members) in the House of Representatives (appointed according to states passed from populations populations)
The Confederations Weakness (2/4)
/the war created an economic crisis that the Confederation government cannot adequately address /with converse unable to act, the states adopted their own economic policies
Checks and Balances
A way the Constitution seeks to prevent any branch of the national government from dominating the other two
Battle of Fallen Timbers
1794, Anthony Wayne defeated Little Turtle,
Land Ordinances
A series of measures approved by Congress during during the 1780's that defined the terms by which wester land would be marketed and sold
Who wrote the majority of the 85 essays in "The Federalist"?
Alexander Hamilton
Three-Fifths Cause
Allowed the white South to exercise far greater power in national affairs than the size of its free population warranted
Which of the following is TRUE of the Constitution and of slavery?
Although never using the word "slavery", the document protected several aspects of the institution.
Which of the following persons would have been the most likely supporter if the Articles of Confederation.
An urban artisan
Gradual Emancipation
Assumed that former slaves would stay in the country and not be colonized abroad.
With regard to slavery, the Northwest Ordinance of 1787:
Banned slavery in the area north of the Ohio River and east of the Mississippi River.
Bill of Rights
Because the Constitution didn't have this, it left unprotected rights
In the immediate aftermath of independence, how did congress justify its claim that at least some Indians had forfeited their rights to their lands?
Because they had aided the British during the war.
In the 1780s, settlers in western areas such a Tennessee and Kentucky:
Believed they had a right to take possession of western lands and use them as the saw fit.
Northwest Ordinance
Called for establishment of 3-5 states north of the Ohio River and east of the Mississippi Enacted basic principle of Jefferson's "empire of liberty" Territorial expansion and self-gov't would grow together "utmost good faith" would be observed toward local Indians - land would not be taken Prohibited slavery in the Old Northwest
Which of the following was a characteristic of the federal government under the Articles of Confederation?
Congress could not levy taxes or regulate commerce.
What was Congress able to accomplish with its Native American policy under the Articles of Confederation?
Congress demanded and received surrenders of large amounts of Indian land north of the Ohio River and in the South.
"Open Immigration"
Congress restricted the process of becoming a citizen from abroad to "free white persons"
Shay's Rebellion
Crowds of debt-ridden farmers (called themselves "regulators") Closed the courts is=n western Mass. to prevent them from losing their land due to unpaid taxes
Ethnic Nationalism
Defines the nation as a community of descent based on a shared ethnic heritage, language, and culture
Land Ordinances of 1784
Drafted by Thomas Jefferson Established stages of self-government for the West First divided into districts initially governed by Congress. Eventually admitted to the Union as member states Clause to prohibit slavery lost by a single vote
The Constitution explicitly granted Congress the power to do all of the following EXCEPT:
Emancipate slaves
Civic Nationalism
Envisions the nation as a community open to all those devoted to its political institutions and social values
Under the Articles of Confederation, Congress was able to:
Establish national control over land to the west of the thirteen states.
The Northwest Ordinance of 1787:
Established the policy to admit the area's population as equal members of the political system.
As designed by the Constitution:
Federal judges were appointed by the president, not elected by the people.
The relationship between the national government and the states is called:
Federalism
The 3/5 Clause in the U.S. Constitution:
Gave the white South greater power in national affairs than the size of its free population warranted.
The Federalist
Hamilton, Madison, and Jay composed a series of eighty-five essays that appeared in newspapers under the pen name Publius and were gathered in 1788
What qualifications did the Constitution ratified in 1787 impose for voting?
None; it left voting rules to the states.
Letters from an American Farmer
One of the era's most widely read books, published in 1782 by Hector St. John de Crevecoeur. Popularized the idea that the United States was a melting pot. "Individuals of all nations are melted into one"
The Naturalization Act of 1790 allowed:
Only free white persons to become citizens
Anti-Federalists
Opponents of ratification insisted that the Constitution shifted the balance between liberty and power too far in the direction of the latter
Hector St. John Crevecoeur's "Letters from an American Farmer":
Popularized the idea of the United States being a melting pot of ethnicities.
Why was the original House of Representatives so small, with only 65 members?
The founders assumed that only prominent individuals could win elections in large districts, and that is what the founders wanted.
Ordinance of 1785
Regulated land sales North of Ohio River (aka Old Northwest) Land surveyed by gov't then sold In each town, one piece set aside for public education
Treaty of Greenville
Right after Battle of Fallen Timbers, 1975, Twelve Indian tribes ceded most of Ohio and Indiana to the federal government, also established "annuity system"
Anti-Federalists included:
Samuel Adams and Patrick Henry
Thomas Jefferson believed that African-Americans:
Should eventually be able to enjoy their natural rights, but they would have to leave the United States to do so.
How did southern states react to the constitution's provisions regarding slavery?
South Carolina and Georgia immediately began importing increased numbers of Africans, because in twenty years, the international slave trade could be constitutionally prohibited.
Which of the following groups tended to be Anti-Federalist during the ratification debates?
State politicians fearful of a strong central government.
Which of the following is true of American national liberty as envisioned by the Constitution of 1787?
The "people" were free Americans; Native Americans and "other persons," meaning African-American slaves, were not.
Which of the following is NOT a check against presidential power in the Constitution?
The House can remove a president from office after impeaching him.
Which of the following is true of how the U.S. government in the 1790s dealt with Native Americans?
The U.S. government made treaties with them mainly to transfer land to itself or to the states.
"High Crimes and Misdemeanors"
The president can be impeached by the House and removed from office by the Senate for this
Separation of Powers
The system of "_______________" between the different branches of the national government, also known as the "__________________"
Why did the founding fathers create the electoral college?
They did not trust ordinary voters to choose the president and vice president directly.
Which of the following is true of how the leaders of the new nation viewed settlers moving west across the Appalachians in the 1780s?
They shared their British predecessors' fears that frontier settlers would fight constantly with the Native Americans.
Which two prominent men were not at the COnstitutional Convention?
Thomas Jefferson and John Adams
Shays' Rebellion was significant because it demonstrated:
To some influential Americans the need for a stronger central government.
Under the Treaty of Greenville of 1795:
Twelve Indians tribes cede most of Ohio and Indiana to the federal government.
During the process of ratifying the Constitution:
Two states, Rhode Island and North Carolina, voted against ratification.
The New Jersey plan:
Was mainly supported by the smaller, less populated states.
Notes on the Side of Virginia
Written by Thomas Jefferson in 1785, Comparison of races, claims blacks lacked self-control, reason, and devotion to the community.
"Annuity System"
Yearly grants on federal money to Indian tribes